<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808</id><updated>2011-10-12T18:45:28.658+08:00</updated><category term='(post by Ramlah Ismail)'/><category term='-Nurul Hidayah Khalil-'/><category term='posted by Rosehanizar Mohd Radzi'/><category term='(post by Rosehanizar Mohd Radzi)'/><category term='norfaizah sapuan'/><category term='posted by izzatul husna mat noh'/><category term='(posted by Rosehanizar Mohd Radzi)'/><category term='(posted by Rosehanizar and Noor Sakinah)'/><category term='norfaizah'/><category term='posted by Aida'/><title type='text'>GROUP 10 (KeBaBoO...)</title><subtitle type='html'>EnErGy UsE &amp; eNvIrOnMeNt</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>70</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-3879273099102821105</id><published>2007-11-06T15:05:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2007-11-06T15:05:56.791+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='posted by Rosehanizar Mohd Radzi'/><title type='text'>Jimat tenaga dengan IBM</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;MENYEDARI betapa pentingnya alam sekitar kepada manusia, syarikat teknologi maklumat (IT) seperti IBM mula memperkenalkan Projek ‘Big Green’ bagi penjimatan tenaga lebih efi syen untuk perniagaan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Naib Presiden, IT Optimization dan Sistem Perisian IBM, Richard Lechner, berkata projek terbabit disasarkan kepada pusat data bagi korporat di mana tenaga menjadi isu utama selain kosnya yang boleh membantutkan kebolehan untuk berkembang pesat.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; “Pelanggan boleh mengharapkan penjimatan besar.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Contohnya, pusat data berkeluasan 25,000 kaki persegi mampu menjimatkan 42 peratus tenaga,” kata Lechner.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Menurutnya, kebanyakan pusat data mengalami masalah kapasiti yang mencapai tahap maksimum sehingga mengehadkan kemampuan syarikat untuk berkembang.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; “Hari ini kami membekalkan pelanggan dengan pelan tindakan kami untuk membolehkan pusat data mereka digunakan dengan sepenuhnya selain efi syen dalam penggunaan tenaga,” katanya.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Projek Big Green menggunakan kepakaran teknologi tenaga pintar untuk membolehkan lima pendekatan untuk memperbaharui tahap efi syen tenaga.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Ia termasuk diagnosis iaitu menilai prasarana sedia ada, membina atau mengemaskini tenaga pusat data, menjadikan prasarana IT ke arah maya, menguruskan tenaga pengurusan perisian dan eksploitasi penyelesaian penyejukan cecair.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-3879273099102821105?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/3879273099102821105/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=3879273099102821105' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/3879273099102821105'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/3879273099102821105'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/11/jimat-tenaga-dengan-ibm.html' title='Jimat tenaga dengan IBM'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-4383413564754362898</id><published>2007-10-31T15:50:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-10-31T15:53:16.275+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='posted by izzatul husna mat noh'/><title type='text'>Karbon dioksida 100% di atmosfera bumi 2100</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;KUALA LUMPUR 30 Okt. – Paras karbon dioksida di ruang atmosfera bumi dijangka meningkat 100 peratus menjelang tahun 2100, mengakibatkan permukaan bumi bertambah panas, kata Pensyarah University of California, Amerika Syarikat, Profesor ML Kavvas.&lt;br /&gt;Menurutnya, karbon dioksida terhasil melalui pembakaran fosil, pernafasan manusia serta haiwan dan ia merupakan salah satu elemen gas rumah hijau.&lt;br /&gt;Beliau memberitahu, selain suhu bumi bertambah akibat pengeluaran karbon dioksida itu, keseimbangan tenaga bumi juga dijangka tidak stabil sehingga menyebabkan berlakunya bencana alam.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Sekarang, kita sudah mempunyai peningkatan karbon dioksida di atmosfera sebanyak 21 peratus dan ia akan meningkat secara perlahan.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Suhu permukaan bumi pula menunjukkan peningkatan sebanyak 0.5 darjah celsius,’’ katanya.&lt;br /&gt;Beliau berkata demikian ketika membentangkan kertas kerjanya bertajuk Perubahan Cuaca dan Sumber Air dalam Persidangan Serantau Mengenai Perubahan Iklim di sini hari ini.&lt;br /&gt;Kavvas menambah, model pengiraan am (GCM) yang dikeluarkan pada 1995 mendapati iklim dunia berubah secara perlahan-lahan dan paras karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan ke atmosfera bumi meningkat sebanyak satu peratus setahun.&lt;br /&gt;Di Malaysia, beliau memberitahu, aliran sungai di seluruh negara tidak akan berubah berdasarkan keadaan simulasi hidroklimatik yang disukat pada 1984 hingga 1993 kecuali di Kelantan dan Pahang.&lt;br /&gt;Jelasnya, kedua-dua negeri itu akan mempunyai aliran sungai yang deras dan berubah-ubah pada masa akan datang pada tahun 2025 hingga 2034 dan 2041 hingga 2050.&lt;br /&gt;Ini kerana terdapat legeh di sungai-sungai negeri itu yang tidak lagi dapat menampung jumlah aliran air yang deras setiap kali musim tengkujuh sehingga merubah permukaan aliran sungai tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-4383413564754362898?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/4383413564754362898/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=4383413564754362898' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/4383413564754362898'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/4383413564754362898'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/10/karbon-dioksida-100-di-atmosfera-bumi.html' title='Karbon dioksida 100% di atmosfera bumi 2100'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-4970304575682774815</id><published>2007-10-31T15:41:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-10-31T15:43:03.500+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='posted by izzatul husna mat noh'/><title type='text'>Negara maju ditegur tidak salur kepakaran tangani iklim</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;KUALA LUMPUR 30 Okt. – Negara-negara maju ditegur kerana tidak mengamalkan pasaran terbuka dan enggan menyalurkan kepakaran teknologi mereka bagi menangani masalah perubahan iklim dunia di negara-negara membangun.&lt;br /&gt;Pengarah Urusan Sustainable Technology Resource Centre (STREC), Chow Kok Kee berkata, kebanyakan negara maju memiliki kepakaran itu, tetapi bersifat sombong dan enggan menjualnya di pasaran terbuka selain meletakkan harga yang terlalu tinggi.&lt;br /&gt;Jelasnya, tidak salah untuk menjual kepakaran yang dimiliki tetapi negara-negara maju perlu juga memikul tanggungjawab sosial dengan memberi insentif kepada negara-negara membangun dan miskin yang tidak berkemampuan untuk memiliki kepakaran berkenaan.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Isu perubahan iklim dunia bersifat sejagat dan mereka perlu memberi perhatian terhadap isu tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Mereka (negara-negara maju ) boleh memperkenalkan kaedah pembelian teknologi itu melalui skim rebat, pinjaman dengan kadar faedah yang rendah, ansuran dan sebagainya bagi membolehkan semua negara memiliki kepakaran berkenaan,’’ katanya.&lt;br /&gt;Beliau berkata demikian sewaktu membentangkan kertas kerja bertajuk Perhatian Terkini Terhadap Penyelesaian Perubahan Iklim Antarabangsa pada Persidangan Mengenai Perubahan Iklim di sini hari ini.&lt;br /&gt;Persidangan selama dua hari yang bermula semalam dianjurkan oleh Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar serta Suruhanjaya Tinggi Britain.&lt;br /&gt;Seramai 350 peserta dari seluruh negara ASEAN hadir pada persidangan tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;Kok Kee menambah, sekiranya semua negara memiliki kepakaran dan teknologi dalam menangani perubahan iklim dunia, maka pengeluaran gas rumah hijau dapat dikurangkan.&lt;br /&gt;Katanya, pelaksanaan dan tindakan untuk mengurangkan gas berkenaan bergantung kepada keupayaan sesebuah negara.&lt;br /&gt;“Jika sesebuah negara itu mundur dan kurang membangun, mereka akan terlewat menerima kepakaran teknologi untuk mengurangkan pelepasan gas rumah hijau ke atmosfera bumi,’’ ujarnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-4970304575682774815?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/4970304575682774815/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=4970304575682774815' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/4970304575682774815'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/4970304575682774815'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/10/negara-maju-ditegur-tidak-salur.html' title='Negara maju ditegur tidak salur kepakaran tangani iklim'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-7980068412806421322</id><published>2007-10-31T15:38:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-10-31T15:41:00.177+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='posted by izzatul husna mat noh'/><title type='text'>PRECIS tawar teknologi kendali perubahan iklim</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;KUALA LUMPUR 30 Okt. – Negara-negara membangun tidak perlu lagi merintih untuk mendapatkan teknologi pengendalian perubahan iklim dunia, sebaliknya boleh merujuk kepada perisian yang dinamakan Kajian Penyediaan Impak Iklim Serantau (PRECIS).&lt;br /&gt;PRECIS dibangunkan oleh Pusat Hedley, Met Office, Exeter di United Kingdom.&lt;br /&gt;Menurut pakar teknologi maklumatnya, David Hein, perisian itu boleh diperoleh secara percuma menggunakan operasi sistem LINUX.&lt;br /&gt;Jelasnya, perisian serba guna itu boleh digunakan di mana-mana bahagian dunia bagi mengukur keadaan iklim dan cuaca.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Perisian ini turut mengandungi pengiraan matematik terhadap ketinggian serta jumlah kekerapan selain mampu menunjukkan keadaan atmosfera dan permukaan bumi,’’ katanya.&lt;br /&gt;Beliau berkata demikian sewaktu membentangkan kertas kerjanya yang bertajuk Unjuran Terperinci Iklim Terhadap Kemusnahan dan Impak Penggunaan Model PRECIS dalam Persidangan Serantau Mengenai Perubahan Iklim di sini hari ini.&lt;br /&gt;Menurut Hein, pihaknya turut menganjurkan bengkel penggunaan teknologi dalam menangani perubahan iklim untuk negara-negara membangun.&lt;br /&gt;Katanya, perisian PRECIS hanya dikeluarkan melalui bengkel yang disertai oleh para peserta dari negara berkenaan.&lt;br /&gt;Tambah beliau, perisian itu sudah dibangunkan di Asia Tenggara pada Ogos tahun lalu dan ia boleh didapati melalui laman web http://precis.metoffice.com atau e-mail iaitu precis@ metoffice.gov.uk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-7980068412806421322?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/7980068412806421322/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=7980068412806421322' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/7980068412806421322'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/7980068412806421322'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/10/precis-tawar-teknologi-kendali.html' title='PRECIS tawar teknologi kendali perubahan iklim'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-7711013837758833303</id><published>2007-10-21T11:49:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-10-21T11:52:26.743+08:00</updated><title type='text'>WHAT’S life like without a cheap and endless supply of petroleum? Ask the Danes.</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_OHymWeUQdQ8/RxrMqmlietI/AAAAAAAAACM/fpmbsUsnzTE/s1600-h/tenaga.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5123632558371928786" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_OHymWeUQdQ8/RxrMqmlietI/AAAAAAAAACM/fpmbsUsnzTE/s320/tenaga.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The country was almost totally dependent on the imported fuel for its energy needs when the world was struck by an oil crisis.War in the Middle East and an oil embargo sent the country a painful wake-up call — oil isn’t forever.A series of such shocks quickly tripled the price of heating.Things were so bad that during some winters, people closed off rooms and lived in the dining area, remembers engineer and energy specialist Niels Bahnsen.&lt;br /&gt;It shocked the country into rethinking its energy policy and every Dane into just how much he was using.Over the next decades, the government introduced a subsidy programme for insulating the house, says Bahnsen, who works with Niras, a Danish consulting engineering firm.People received incentives to get energy-saving equipment and act responsibly.In the late 80s, the government introduced a scheme for people to ditch their old energy-guzzling fridges to energy-saving ones with discounts and rebates.It was meant to trigger interest among the public and was to run for only a short time so that it wouldn’t distort market prices.Initially, the target was to sell 6,000 fridges, but the scheme succeeded in selling 32,000 fridges instead. The demand for the energy-saving fridges was so high that suppliers began selling more of it, which eventually brought the prices down, says Bahnsen, who heads Niras department of Energy and Climate Change.Bahnsen was relating these experiences after addressing a recent forum on integrated resource planning, organised by the Economic Planning Unit and the Danish International Development Agency.He said the Danish government also introduced voluntary energy management for industry during the 90s and taxed natural gas and petroleum to reduce consumption.The country has an energy efficiency fund set up with the sole purpose of improving energy-saving measures.Most importantly, Denmark invested millions in researching alternative energy sources and wind-power technology is its new multi-billion dollar industry.Today, in Denmark, a homeowner cannot sell his house without an energy certificate. It shows a potential buyer how much energy is consumed per square metre and is closely scrutinised before he signs on the dotted line, says Bahnsen."Not easy," adds Bahnsen, when asked to describe the long road Danes have taken to get to this level of energy efficiency."But it can be done."&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-7711013837758833303?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/7711013837758833303/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=7711013837758833303' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/7711013837758833303'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/7711013837758833303'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/10/whats-life-like-without-cheap-and.html' title='WHAT’S life like without a cheap and endless supply of petroleum? Ask the Danes.'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_OHymWeUQdQ8/RxrMqmlietI/AAAAAAAAACM/fpmbsUsnzTE/s72-c/tenaga.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-1115500091605477429</id><published>2007-10-21T11:44:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2007-10-21T11:45:09.325+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='norfaizah sapuan'/><title type='text'>Nuklear jadi sumber tenaga elektrik menjelang 2020</title><content type='html'>LANGKAWI 29 Mei — Kerajaan akan menjadikan tenaga nuklear sebagai sumber penghasilan elektrik menjelang 2020, kata Setiausaha Parlimen Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi, Prof Datuk Dr Mohd. Ruddin Ab. Ghani.&lt;br /&gt;Menurutnya, sebelum melaksanakannya, rakyat Malaysia akan diberi pendedahan terhadap peranan dan kepentingan nuklear sehingga mereka benar-benar bersedia menerimanya.&lt;br /&gt;Bercakap kepada pemberita selepas mewakili Menteri Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi, Datuk Seri Dr Jamaludin Mohd Jarjis merasmikan Persidangan Antarabangsa Mengenai Perlindungan Sinaran 2007 di sini hari ini, beliau berkata, usaha menyedarkan masyarakat terhadap peranan nuklear telahpun bermula.&lt;br /&gt;Program-program kesedaran seperti bengkel, seminar dan persidangan telah bermula membabitkan pengendali sektor industri dan sektor awam yang terbabit dalam teknologi nuklear.&lt;br /&gt;Mohd. Ruddin berkata, ketika sumber petroleum dan arang batu kian berkurangan, tenaga nuklear boleh menjadi sumber pengimbang bagi memastikan penghasilan tenaga elektrik untuk keperluan negara dan rakyat tidak terjejas.&lt;br /&gt;Beliau berkata, walaupun kos membina loji nuklear adalah jauh lebih mahal berbanding loji konvensional yang menggunakan petroleum dan arang batu, kos penghasilan tenaga adalah jauh lebih rendah.&lt;br /&gt;Mohd. Ruddin berkata, beberapa negara di rantau ini telah merangka perkara yang sama dan sebagai contoh Thailand akan melaksanakannya menjelang 2021, Vietnam pada 2018 dan Indonesia pada 2016.&lt;br /&gt;“Kita hanya gunakan nuklear untuk tujuan yang baik dan bukan untuk persenjataan. Kita lebih fikirkan soal keselamatan manusia dan alam sekitar,” katanya.&lt;br /&gt;Beliau berkata, sejak 1960-an, sektor kesihatan telah menggunakan nuklear untuk merawat pesakit menggunakan mesin sinar-x dan sehingga kini kira-kira 2,000 lesen telah dikeluarkan kepada pengendali mesin sinar-x di negara ini.&lt;br /&gt;Persidangan hari ini yang disertai 250 peserta, kebanyakannya terdiri dari sektor industri yang menggunakan teknologi nuklear adalah sebagai langkah awal untuk menyedarkan masyarakat terhadap nuklear.&lt;br /&gt;Persidangan tiga hari itu dianjurkan Agensi Nuklear Malaysia. - Bernama&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-1115500091605477429?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/1115500091605477429/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=1115500091605477429' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/1115500091605477429'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/1115500091605477429'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/10/nuklear-jadi-sumber-tenaga-elektrik.html' title='Nuklear jadi sumber tenaga elektrik menjelang 2020'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-8545092215944717378</id><published>2007-10-21T11:41:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-10-21T11:42:19.636+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='norfaizah sapuan'/><title type='text'>Pembinaan Makmal Pengawasan Nuklear pertama</title><content type='html'>ROMPIN 14 Julai – Kerajaan akan membina Makmal Pengawasan Nuklear bernilai kira-kira RM100 juta di Bukit Ibam dekat sini, kata Timbalan Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak.&lt;br /&gt;Menurutnya, makmal nuklear yang pertama di Asia Tenggara dan ke-16 di dunia itu akan mengambil masa tiga tahun untuk disiapkan.&lt;br /&gt;Pada masa ini, katanya, kerja-kerja membersihkan tapak makmal seluas 200 hektar itu sedang dijalankan dan projek pembinaannya dijangka dimulakan hujung tahun ini.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Jika semuanya berjalan lancar, Malaysia akan menjadi negara membangun pertama yang mempunyai makmal nuklear sendiri dan yang pertama di ASEAN,” katanya pada Majlis Jamuan Makan Bersama Rakyat di padang awam Muadzam Shah di sini hari ini.&lt;br /&gt;Turut hadir ialah Menteri Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi, Datuk Seri Dr. Jamaludin Jarjis. Sementara itu, pada sidang akhbar, Dr. Jamaludin berkata, kemudahan Makmal Pengawasan Nuklear itu akan dikendalikan oleh Lembaga Pelesenan Tenaga Atom (AELB).&lt;br /&gt;Katanya, antara fungsi penting kemudahan makmal itu ialah mengawasi dan memastikan kegiatan nuklear sedunia adalah selamat serta terkawal kegunaannya bagi tujuan keamanan dan bukan untuk pembangunan senjata nuklear.&lt;br /&gt;Kata beliau, tanggungjawab tersebut akan dijalankan oleh makmal nuklear berkenaan dengan kerjasama Agensi Tenaga Atom Antarabangsa (IAEA) di Vienna, Austria.&lt;br /&gt;“Ini juga akan menjamin masa depan Malaysia serta rantau ini selamat dan bebas daripada ancaman nuklear,” katanya.&lt;br /&gt;Ditanya mengenai kepakaran mengendalikan makmal itu, beliau memberitahu, makmal itu akan menggunakan 100 peratus tenaga pakar tempatan dan seramai 66 pakar dalam bidang berkaitan telah dikenal pasti.&lt;br /&gt;Beliau berkata, Asia Tenggara akan mempunyai beberapa reaktor nuklear penjana elektrik dalam 10 tahun akan datang.&lt;br /&gt;Katanya, Indonesia akan membangunkan program kuasa nuklear pada tahun 2016 manakala Vietnam dan Thailand masing- masing pada 2018 dan 2021. Tambahnya, kemudahan makmal nuklear itu akan dapat membantu negara lain mencari penyelesaian diplomatik atau membela diri jika perlu.&lt;br /&gt;Menurutnya, Malaysia akan menyampaikan keazaman dalam mencapai hasrat pembinaan makmal itu kepada Ketua Pengarah IAEA, Dr. Mohamed Elbaradi yang akan berkunjung ke Kuala Lumpur pada 17 Julai ini.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-8545092215944717378?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/8545092215944717378/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=8545092215944717378' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8545092215944717378'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8545092215944717378'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/10/pembinaan-makmal-pengawasan-nuklear.html' title='Pembinaan Makmal Pengawasan Nuklear pertama'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-2887184621112041201</id><published>2007-10-21T11:36:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2007-10-21T11:37:33.784+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='norfaizah sapuan'/><title type='text'>Energy: Malaysia Faces Complex Choices, Says IAEA Chief</title><content type='html'>KUALA LUMPUR, July 18 (Bernama) -- Like many countries, Malaysia faced complex choices in planning to expand its energy mix and ensuring energy security, said International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Director-General Dr Mohamed ElBaradei.He said in Malaysia, more than 90 per cent of its electricity was generated from fossil fuels, primarily natural gas from domestic reserves with the balance supplied by hydropower and other sources.But with natural gas reserves decreasing and electricity demand continuing to rise, Malaysia had begun looking at other possibilities to ensure its future energy security, he said."At the IAEA, we stand ready to assist you (Malaysia) in finding solutions (to energy needs) that best suit your needs and priorities," he said in his public lecture on "Nuclear Power :Looking to the Future" here.ElBaradei said that for Malaysia, a comprehensive energy policy study including consideration of nuclear power is to be completed by 2010.According to ElBaradei, nuclear energy alone was not a panacea, but it was likely in the future to have an increasing role as part of the global energy mix.He said the need to ensure adequate and reliable energy supplies was directly relevant to development and to national and international security.On Malaysia-IAEA partnership, ElBaradei said Malaysia had been a strong and supportive partner of the IAEA and Kuala Lumpur was also a party to the Non- Proliferation Treaty (NPT) with a comprehensive safeguards agreement in force and in November 2005, Malaysia signed the additional protocol to its safeguards agreement.He said the IAEA had a large and active technical cooperation (TC) programme in Malaysia, citing as an example the United Nations agency's support for the use of isotope hydrology in Malaysia to combat groundwater contamination in industrial sites."We are also supporting the establishment of a Malaysian cyclotron facility for radioisotope production. The most recent such development was the establishment of a laboratory for the application of radiation in nanotechnology," he said.The lecture was organised by the Academy of Sciences Malaysia as part of the National Nobel Laureates Programme. In 2005, the Egyptian-born ElBaradei and the IAEA were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.-- BERNAMA&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-2887184621112041201?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/2887184621112041201/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=2887184621112041201' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/2887184621112041201'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/2887184621112041201'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/10/energy-malaysia-faces-complex-choices_21.html' title='Energy: Malaysia Faces Complex Choices, Says IAEA Chief'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5810015924868214946</id><published>2007-10-21T11:29:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-10-21T11:32:41.826+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='norfaizah sapuan'/><title type='text'>Seminar on the Use of High Efficiency Motors (HEM) in Industries</title><content type='html'>SERI KEMBANGAN, 25th January 2007- The Malaysian Industrial Energy Efficiency Improvement Project (MIEEIP), a project implemented by Pusat Tenaga Malaysia and co-funded by the Malaysian Government, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the local private sector, today successfully organized a seminar entitled “ Seminar on the Use of High Efficiency Motors (HEM) in Industries” .&lt;br /&gt;The seminar attracted an encouraging crowd of 100 participants mainly from the manufacturing and government sectors. The objective of the seminar was to disseminate information to the local manufacturing companies on the benefits and advantages resulting from the use of HEMs.&lt;br /&gt;The event which was also jointly organized by the Copper Development Center SEA, saw several international speakers presenting the successes of HEM in their countries especially in the terms of energy cost savings.&lt;br /&gt;In Malaysia, electric motors typically account for 70% of the electricity usage among industries. In the pulp &amp;amp; paper and textile industries, motors account for as much as 90% of the total electricity consumption. Motors in the industrial sectors in Malaysia consume as much as RM 6 billion in electricity usage annually.&lt;br /&gt;HEMs can generally be classified as a motor where losses are reduced to an absolute minimum. This industrial equipment offers a number of potential benefits over standard motors. The benefits include lower electricity bill and reduced operating and maintenance costs through lower failure rates, unscheduled outages and enhanced service life.&lt;br /&gt;High efficiency motors use less energy to perform the same work load as standard motors. HEMs cost more, however most of the models can offer substantial payback. It is also worth noting that the Malaysian Government has made it even more attractive to buy HEMs by offering exemption on import duty and sales tax and investment tax allowance for energy efficient equipment.&lt;br /&gt;In addition to synergizing energy costs, improved designs and better manufacturing materials can lead to other benefits including longer insulation and bearing life, lower heat generation and less vibration.&lt;br /&gt;With recent oil price increases and also increases in electricity tariff, it would be prudent for manufacturing industries to cash in on the use of HEMs to lower their electricity bills.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5810015924868214946?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5810015924868214946/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5810015924868214946' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5810015924868214946'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5810015924868214946'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/10/seminar-on-use-of.html' title='Seminar on the Use of High Efficiency Motors (HEM) in Industries'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5436325960553538385</id><published>2007-10-21T10:59:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-10-21T11:33:20.254+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='norfaizah sapuan'/><title type='text'>PM lancar Recorda Disember</title><content type='html'>MUKAH: Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi akan melancarkan Wilayah Pembangunan Koridor Sarawak (Recorda) pada Disember, kata Ketua Menteri, Tan Sri Abdul Taib Mahmud. Beliau berkata, kerajaan negeri sedang memperincikan tarikh pelancarannya yang sebenar. "Di sebalik saiznya yang luas, Sarawak, negeri terbesar di Malaysia, hanya memerlukan satu konsep wilayah pembangunan koridor buat masa ini.&lt;br /&gt;"Recorda akan dilaksanakan menerusi Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan (RMK-9) dan RMK-10," katanya kepada pemberita selepas menghadiri Majlis Hari Raya di sini, semalam. Terdahulu dalam ucapannya, Taib berkata, Recorda yang meliputi Similajau di bahagian Bintulu hingga ke Tanjung Manis di bahagian Mukah, akan membawa banyak manfaat kepada negeri dan penduduknya. "Kawasan itu kaya dengan sumber tenaga daripada arang batu kepada kuasa hidro elektrik. Ia akan menggalakkan pertumbuhan industri berasaskan tenaga di seluruh negeri dari Miri ke Kuching, malah di kawasan terpencil seperti Tunoh di bahagian Kapit.&lt;br /&gt;"Kita eksploitasi sumber tenaga asli ini untuk memacu pembangunan negeri ke tahap lebih tinggi dan lebih efisyen dengan pelabur asing. "Mengikut anggaran saya secara kasar, kita mungkin mampu menjana kira-kira 200,000MW (megawatt) bekalan elektrik menjelang 2015," katanya. Taib berkata, dengan pelaksanaan Recorda, populasi di kawasan tengah negeri ini dijangka bertambah kira-kira 200,000 lagi daripada 800,000 sekarang. Ketua Menteri menasihatkan rakyat supaya bersiap sedia untuk memanfaatkan peluang pekerjaan dan perniagaan diwujudkan Recorda.&lt;br /&gt;Beliau mahu pelajar memilih jurusan teknikal, kewangan dan pengurusan supaya boleh menambah nilai perkhidmatan yang akan diberikan oleh mereka kelak. Kepada penduduk luar bandar yang tinggal berselerak di sekitar kawasan Recorda, Taib berkata, mereka patut berkumpul dan pindah ke kawasan yang mudah dihubungi. Beliau juga menggesa rakyat untuk mengekalkan hubungan rapat antara mereka kerana dengan perubahan dan pembangunan yang bakal berlaku di kawasan itu, ia akan turut membawa bersama impak sosial yang baik dan juga buruk.  Bernama&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5436325960553538385?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5436325960553538385/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5436325960553538385' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5436325960553538385'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5436325960553538385'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/10/pm-lancar-recorda-disember.html' title='PM lancar Recorda Disember'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5038757131348150846</id><published>2007-10-09T16:18:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-10-09T16:31:47.129+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='norfaizah'/><title type='text'>SUMBER MINERAL &amp; TENAGA DI MALAYSIA</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_OHymWeUQdQ8/Rws7XQwNuiI/AAAAAAAAACE/6Iv4DY480H8/s1600-h/petasumber.gif"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5119250672256924194" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_OHymWeUQdQ8/Rws7XQwNuiI/AAAAAAAAACE/6Iv4DY480H8/s320/petasumber.gif" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;JENIS-JENIS SUMBER ALAM&lt;br /&gt;Boleh diperbaharui&lt;br /&gt;Tidak boleh diperbaharui&lt;br /&gt;Air&lt;br /&gt;Angin&lt;br /&gt;Tasik&lt;br /&gt;Tanih&lt;br /&gt;Tumbuhan&lt;br /&gt;Tenaga suria&lt;br /&gt;Hasil laut&lt;br /&gt;Petroleum&lt;br /&gt;Bauksit&lt;br /&gt;Tembaga&lt;br /&gt;Bijih timah&lt;br /&gt;Emas&lt;br /&gt;Tembaga&lt;br /&gt;Mineral&lt;br /&gt;JENIS-JENIS MINERAL / LOGAM&lt;br /&gt;Logam&lt;br /&gt;- Bijih timah&lt;br /&gt;Bukan logam&lt;br /&gt;- Granit, batu kapur dan batu marmar.&lt;br /&gt;Cecair&lt;br /&gt;- Petroleum&lt;br /&gt;Gas&lt;br /&gt;- Gas asli&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Peta : Sumber Mineral dan Tenaga di Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;KEPENTINGAN PERLOMBONGAN&lt;br /&gt;Ekspot mineral seperti petroleum, gas asli dan bijih timah menyumbangkan pendapatan kepada negara.&lt;br /&gt;Kegiatan perlombongan bijih timah dapat menyediakan peluang pekerjaan.&lt;br /&gt;Kegiatan perlombongan menggalakkan perkembangan bandar.&lt;br /&gt;Perlombongan bijih timah menggalakkan pembinaan jalan raya dan landasan keretapi.&lt;br /&gt;Perlombongan juga menggalakkan pelabuhan khas ( Pelabuhan mengeksport gas petroleum cecair).&lt;br /&gt;Perlombongan petroleum menggalakkan industri petrokimia.&lt;br /&gt;Perlombongan bijih timah menyediakan bahan mentah bagi industri saduran timah.&lt;br /&gt;Perlombongan bijih timah menggalakkan perkembangan industri baru seperti industri membuat baja urea di Bintulu.&lt;br /&gt;Kegiatan perlombongan menggalakkan kerjasama serantau, contohnya projek membuat baja urea, yang merupakan projek kerjasama antara negara-negara ASEAN.&lt;br /&gt;KEPENTINGAN PERLOMBONGAN &amp;amp; MINERAL&lt;br /&gt;Ia menghasilkan kira-kira 22% daripada jumlah eksport mineral Malaysia membawa pertukaran mata wang asing ke negara ini. Mineral merupakan eksport yang terpenting kira-kira 33% daripada jumlah pendapatan eksport Malaysia terdiri daripada mineral.&lt;br /&gt;Sektor perlombongan memberi pekerjaan kepada hampir 100 000 orang atau sebanyak 2% daripada tenaga pekerja Malaysia.&lt;br /&gt;Sumber mineral juga memberi sumbangan besar terhadap pembangunan dan perkembangan ekonomi negara kita.&lt;br /&gt;Sumber mineral dan tenaga menjadi bahan mentah dan sumber tenaga utama bagi industri perkilangan keperluan rumah.&lt;br /&gt;Bijih besi diigunakan untuk membuat besi dan keluli di Syarikat Besi &amp;amp; Keluli Malayawata di Pulau Pinang dan industri petrokimia lain.&lt;br /&gt;Menyebabkan terbinanya kilang-kilang penapis petroleum di Port Dickson, Kerteh dan Lutong serta kilang melebur bijih timah di Pulau Pinang dan Butterworth.&lt;br /&gt;Aktiviti perlombongan telah membolehkan berlakunya pemindahan teknologi, maklumat dari negara maju dalam bidang ini seperti Jepun, Amerika Syarikat dan Korea Selatan ke negara kita.&lt;br /&gt;Menjadi bahan api utama bagi kenderaan dan penjanaan kuasa elektrik.&lt;br /&gt;MASALAH PERLOMBONGAN DI MALAYSIA&lt;br /&gt;Sektor perlombongan menghadapi masa depan gelap kerana galian adalah sumber yang boleh pupus dan tidak boleh diperbaharui.&lt;br /&gt;Timbunan arang batu, bijih timah dan emas sudah pupus dan lombong emas dan arang batu di Semenanjung Malaysia telah pun ditutup.&lt;br /&gt;Simpanan petroleum dijangka habis dalam 20-30 tahun.&lt;br /&gt;Rizab bijih timah boleh tahan kira-kira 20 tahun sahaja.&lt;br /&gt;Harus mengusaha dan menggunakan galian ini secara terancang supaya tidak membazir.&lt;br /&gt;Penutupan lombong menyebabkan penduduk kehilangan pekerjaan dan sumber pendapatan.&lt;br /&gt;Kekurangan bahan mentah dan sumber tenaga menyebabkan sektor perindustrian menjadi lembab.&lt;br /&gt;Menjejaskan kemakmuran dan pembangunan negara.&lt;br /&gt;LANGKAH MENGATASI MASALAH PENGURUSAN SUMBER&lt;br /&gt;Mengurangkan pergantungan dan menjimatkan penggunaan mineral terutamanya pertroleum sebagai bahan bakar.&lt;br /&gt;Mempergiatkan usaha mencari gali untuk mengesan longgokkan baru seperti yang dijalankan oleh PERTRONAS dan Perbadanan Perlombongan Malaysia (MMC).&lt;br /&gt;Menggunakan teknologi moden dalam memperting-katkan kecekapan perlombongan serta cara pemprosesan sumber mineral untuk elakkan pemba-ziran.&lt;br /&gt;Memperkenalkan sumber tenaga baru seperti tenaga suria, tenaga biomass, tenaga thermal dan hidro elektrik.&lt;br /&gt;SUMBER TENAGA PADA MASA DEPAN &amp;amp; BERPOTENSI UNTUK DIMAJUKAN&lt;br /&gt;Tenaga nuklear&lt;br /&gt;Tenaga solar (suria)&lt;br /&gt;Tenaga biomass&lt;br /&gt;Tenaga hidro elektrik&lt;br /&gt;Arang batu&lt;br /&gt;Tenaga ombak&lt;br /&gt;Tenaga angin&lt;br /&gt;Tenaga nuklear&lt;br /&gt;Diperolehi dari logam uranium dan plutonium.&lt;br /&gt;Digunakan untuk menghasilkan tenaga elektrik di stesyen janakuasa elektrik.&lt;br /&gt;Penggunaannya terhad kerana :&lt;br /&gt;Malaysia kekurangan uranium &amp;amp; plutonium.&lt;br /&gt;Kos pengeluarannya mahal.&lt;br /&gt;Sisa nuklear merbahaya kepada manusia, haiwan dan tumbuh-tumbuhan.&lt;br /&gt;Penyelidikan tentang tenaga ini dijalankan oleh PUSPATI (Pusat Penyelidikan Atom Tun Dr. Ismail) sebuah pusat pembangunan dan penyelidikan nuklear.&lt;br /&gt;Masih dalam penyelidikan belum dijalankan sepenuhnya.&lt;br /&gt;Tenaga solar (suria)&lt;br /&gt;Diperolehi daripada sinaran matahari.&lt;br /&gt;Berpotensi untuk dimajukan kerana Malaysia terletak di kawasan Khatulistiwa (banyak sinaran matahari).&lt;br /&gt;Digunakan untuk memansakan air di rumah.&lt;br /&gt;Projek menjanakan tenaga suria dibina di Teluk Apan, Pualu Langkawi dan Kg. Hulu Tembeling, Pahang.&lt;br /&gt;Telefon menggunakan tenaga suria di Pulau Aman, Pulau Pinang.&lt;br /&gt;Rumah asap yang menggunakan tenaga suria dibina di Kg. Sg. Malau Dalam, Selama, Perak. 900 keping getah boleh diasap dalam 4 hari.&lt;br /&gt;3. Tenaga Biomass&lt;br /&gt;diperolehi daripada hampas dan tandan kelapa sawit.&lt;br /&gt;Sisa pertanian ini boleh hasilkan biogas seperti gas metana untuk dijadikan bahan pembakar.&lt;br /&gt;4. Tenaga Hidro Elektrik&lt;br /&gt;Penggunaannya semakin berkembang - sumber yang boleh diperbaharui dan murah.&lt;br /&gt;Malaysia mempunyai potensi yang baik kerana :&lt;br /&gt;Hujan yang banyak melebihi 2000 mm.&lt;br /&gt;Sungai mengalir deras sentiasa dipenuhi air.&lt;br /&gt;Banyak kawasan bergunung-ganang - sesuai untuk membina empangan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Kebanyakan projek hidro elektrik terletak di kawasan tanah tinggi, antaranya :&lt;br /&gt;Empangan Cenderoh di Perak (Sg. Perak)&lt;br /&gt;Empangan Temenggor di Perak (Sg. Perak)&lt;br /&gt;Empangan Kenyir di Terengganu (Sg.Tganu)&lt;br /&gt;Empangan Kenering di Perak (Sg. Perak)&lt;br /&gt;Empangan Btg Padang di Perak (Sg. Btg Padang)&lt;br /&gt;Empangan Bersia di Perak (Sg. Perak)&lt;br /&gt;Empangan Tenom Pangi (Sg. Padas)&lt;br /&gt;Empangan Bakun (Sg. Pelagus)&lt;br /&gt;Empangan Pelagus (Sg. Pelagus)&lt;br /&gt;Empangan Batang Ai (Sg. Lupar)&lt;br /&gt;5. Tenaga Lain - Arang batu&lt;br /&gt;Mempunyai potensi untuk digunakan di kilang-kilang kerana sumber tenaga belum digunakan sepenuhnya.&lt;br /&gt;Simpanan sumber yang banyak di :&lt;br /&gt;Batu Arang, Selangor.&lt;br /&gt;Bintulu, Merit-Pila, Sarawak.&lt;br /&gt;Labuan dan Sadong di Sabah.&lt;br /&gt;Sebagai bahan bakar untuk kilang dan loji penjanaan kuasa hidro elektrik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5038757131348150846?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5038757131348150846/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5038757131348150846' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5038757131348150846'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5038757131348150846'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/10/sumber-mineral-tenaga-di-malaysia.html' title='SUMBER MINERAL &amp; TENAGA DI MALAYSIA'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp3.blogger.com/_OHymWeUQdQ8/Rws7XQwNuiI/AAAAAAAAACE/6Iv4DY480H8/s72-c/petasumber.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-9220241497357415423</id><published>2007-10-09T16:06:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-10-09T16:11:25.352+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='(post by Ramlah Ismail)'/><title type='text'>Energy from the Sun</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://bp0.blogger.com/_OHymWeUQdQ8/Rws3jgwNugI/AAAAAAAAABs/a0W2WODI7z0/s1600-h/324px-Breakdown_of_the_incoming_solar_energy.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5119246484663810562" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://bp0.blogger.com/_OHymWeUQdQ8/Rws3jgwNugI/AAAAAAAAABs/a0W2WODI7z0/s320/324px-Breakdown_of_the_incoming_solar_energy.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;The Earth receives 174 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Peta-" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peta-"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;peta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="Watt" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;watts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; (PW) of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Solar radiation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;solar radiation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; at the upper &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Earth's atmosphere" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;atmosphere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;. While traveling through the atmosphere, 6% of the incoming solar radiation (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Insolation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolation"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;insolation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;) is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Reflection (physics)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(physics)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;reflected&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; and 16% is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;absorbed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;. Average atmospheric conditions (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Cloud" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;clouds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Dust" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;dust&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Pollutant" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutant"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;pollutants&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;) further reduce insolation by 20% through reflection and 3% through absorption. The absorption of solar energy by atmospheric convection (sensible heat transport) and by the evaporation and condensation of water vapor (latent heat transport) drive the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Winds" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winds"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;winds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; and the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Water cycle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;water cycle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power#_note-2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;Atmospheric conditions not only reduce the quantity of insolation reaching the Earth's surface but also affect the quality of insolation by &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Diffuse insolation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_insolation"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;diffusing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; approximately 20% of the incoming light and altering its &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Spectrum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;spectrum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power#_note-hybrid_lighting"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; After passing through the Earth's atmosphere approximately half the insolation is in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Visible light" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;visible&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Electromagnetic spectrum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;electromagnetic spectrum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; with the other half mostly in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Infrared" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;infrared&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; spectrum, and a small part of ultraviolet radiation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power#_note-3"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; Upon reaching the surface, insolation is absorbed by the oceans, earth and plants. The energy captured in the oceans drives the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Thermohaline circulation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;thermohaline cycle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;. As such, solar energy is ultimately responsible for temperature driven &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Ocean currents" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_currents"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;ocean currents&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; such as the thermohaline cycle and wind driven currents such as the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Gulf Stream" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Stream"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;Gulf Stream&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;. The energy absorbed by the earth in conjunction with that recycled by the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Greenhouse effect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;Greenhouse effect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; warms the surface to an average temperature of approximately 14°C.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power#_note-4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; The solar energy captured by plants and other &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Phototroph" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototroph"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;phototrophs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; is converted to chemical energy via &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Photosynthesis" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;photosynthesis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;. All the food we eat, wood we build with and fossil fuels we use are products of photosynthesis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power#_note-5"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;The flows and stores of solar energy are vast in comparison to human energy needs.&lt;br /&gt;The total solar energy available to the earth is approximately 3850 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Zetta-" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetta-"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;zetta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="Joule" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;joules&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; (ZJ) per year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power#_note-Energy_at_the_Crossroads"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Ocean" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;Oceans&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; absorb approximately &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Ocean thermal energy conversion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion#Technical_Analysis_of_OTEC_systems"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;285 ZJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; of solar energy per year.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Wind" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;Winds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; can theoretically supply 6 ZJ of energy per year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power#_note-6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Biomass" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;Biomass&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; captures approximately 1.8 ZJ of solar energy per year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power#_note-7"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power#_note-Energy_at_the_Crossroads"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Worldwide energy consumption was 0.471 ZJ in 2004.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power#_note-8"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The map on the right (top) shows how &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Solar radiation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;solar radiation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; at the top of the earth's atmosphere varies with &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Latitude" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;latitude&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;. The bottom map shows annual average ground level insolation. For example, in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="North America" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;North America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; the average insolation at ground level over an entire year (including nights and periods of cloudy weather) lies between 125 and 375 W/m² (3 to 9 kWh/m²/day).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power#_note-9"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; At present, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="Photovoltaic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;photovoltaic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt; panels typically convert about 15% of incident sunlight into electricity; therefore, a solar panel in the contiguous United States on average delivers 19 to 56 W/m² or 0.45 - 1.35 kWh/m²/day.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power#_note-10"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#cc0000;"&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-9220241497357415423?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/9220241497357415423/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=9220241497357415423' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/9220241497357415423'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/9220241497357415423'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/10/energy-from-sun.html' title='Energy from the Sun'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp0.blogger.com/_OHymWeUQdQ8/Rws3jgwNugI/AAAAAAAAABs/a0W2WODI7z0/s72-c/324px-Breakdown_of_the_incoming_solar_energy.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-4984863579885687138</id><published>2007-10-09T16:00:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-10-09T16:02:09.355+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='norfaizah'/><title type='text'>Kerajaan kaji kaedah had subsidi tenaga</title><content type='html'>KERAJAAN sedang mencari penyelesaian mengenai had subsidi tenaga termasuk petroleum dan gas yang wajar diberikan kepada industri yang menikmati keistimewaan itu, kata Menteri Perdagangan Antarabangsa dan Industri (Miti), Datuk Seri Rafidah Aziz. Beliau berkata, kementerian sentiasa mengadakan pertemuan dengan wakil industri bagi mendapatkan pandangan dan gambaran jelas mengenai sebarang perubahan terhadap kenaikan harga gas dalam pelbagai sektor yang berbeza. "Ini akan membolehkan kami menasihati jawatankuasa (Kabinet) (berkenaan bahan api) mengenai kesannya dan baginya untuk membuat keputusan mengenai bentuk tindakan," katanya pada sidang media selepas melancarkan butik Schoeffel di Kuala Lumpur, semalam.&lt;br /&gt;Rafidah berkata, industri telah diberikan amaran terlebih dulu untuk bersiap sedia berdepan harga gas realistik yang ditetapkan dan dinasihatkan membuat perubahan sewajarnya kepada operasi mereka. Katanya, selain menyepadukan gas dengan sumber tenaga yang lain sebagai satu alternatif, industri mestilah cekap dalam penggunaan gas. Beliau berkata, kerajaan tidak wajar terus menanggung beban subsidi tenaga termasuk petroleum dan gas, tanpa sebarang had.&lt;br /&gt;Katanya, subsidi diberikan kerajaan perlu ditetapkan pada had tertentu dan harga selebihnya mencerminkan kos sebenar kepada industri. "Inilah yang dilakukan kerajaan dengan mengambil kira kos yang ditanggung industri dan berapa kerajaan boleh berikan subsidi.... Bukan kerajaan tidak mampu, tetapi tidak realistik. "Apabila harga di dunia meningkat, kita tidak boleh menjangkakan harga di pasaran tempatan terlalu rendah di luar lingkungan harga sebenar dunia," katanya ketika ditanya sama ada kerajaan sudah tidak lagi mampu untuk memberi subsidi. Rafidah berkata, ketika ini kementeriannya sedang menjalankan penilaian dan kajian terhadap pandangan diterima daripada peserta industri.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-4984863579885687138?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/4984863579885687138/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=4984863579885687138' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/4984863579885687138'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/4984863579885687138'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/10/kerajaan-kaji-kaedah-had-subsidi-tenaga.html' title='Kerajaan kaji kaedah had subsidi tenaga'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5348694414539418125</id><published>2007-10-09T15:55:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-10-09T16:03:54.423+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='(post by Ramlah Ismail)'/><title type='text'>Solar power</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://bp2.blogger.com/_OHymWeUQdQ8/Rws1RAwNufI/AAAAAAAAABk/Uo1b4u_oqjI/s1600-h/200px-Sunspot_TRACE.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5119243967812975090" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://bp2.blogger.com/_OHymWeUQdQ8/Rws1RAwNufI/AAAAAAAAABk/Uo1b4u_oqjI/s320/200px-Sunspot_TRACE.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#6600cc;"&gt;Solar energy (also knows as solar radiation or insolation) is energy from the sun. This energy, in the form of heat and light, supports all life on Earth, drives the Earth's climate and weather and is predominately responsible for the class of resources collectively known as renewable energy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Solar energy also broadly describes technologies that utilize sunlight. The applications are diverse and date back millennia. The Greeks, Native &lt;a href="http://bp3.blogger.com/_OHymWeUQdQ8/Rws04QwNueI/AAAAAAAAABc/JTgQVK6N60M/s1600-h/200px-ISS_on_20_August_2001.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5119243542611212770" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; CURSOR: hand" height="227" alt="" src="http://bp3.blogger.com/_OHymWeUQdQ8/Rws04QwNueI/AAAAAAAAABc/JTgQVK6N60M/s320/200px-ISS_on_20_August_2001.jpg" width="200" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Americans and Chinese warmed their buildings by orienting them toward the sun. In Europe, farmers used elaborate field orientation and thermal mass to increase crop yields during the Little Ice Age. Modern solar technologies continue to harness the sun to provide water heating, daylighting and even flight.[1][2]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Solar power generally describes technologies that convert sunlight into electricity and in some cases thermal or mechanical power. In 1866, the French engineer Auguste Mouchout successfully powered a steam engine with sunlight. This is the first known example of a solar powered mechanical device. Over the next 50 years inventors such as John Ericsson, Charles Tellier and Frank Shuman developed solar powered devices for irrigation, refrigeration and locomotion. The progeny of these early developments are concentrating solar power plants.[2]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The modern age of solar power arrived in 1954 when researchers at Bell Laboratories developed a photovoltaic cell capable of effectively converting light into electricity. This breakthrough marked a fundamental change in how power is generated. Since then solar cells efficiencies have improved from 6% to 15% with experimental cells reaching efficiencies over 40%. Prices on the other hand have fallen from $300 per watt to less than $3 per watt.[3]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The utilization of solar energy and solar power spans from traditional technologies that provide food, heat and light to electricity which is uniquely modern. The diversity of form and long history of solar energy are manifest in a wide variety of applications.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5348694414539418125?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5348694414539418125/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5348694414539418125' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5348694414539418125'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5348694414539418125'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/10/solar-power.html' title='Solar power'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://bp2.blogger.com/_OHymWeUQdQ8/Rws1RAwNufI/AAAAAAAAABk/Uo1b4u_oqjI/s72-c/200px-Sunspot_TRACE.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5433288721401740598</id><published>2007-10-02T22:37:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-10-02T22:46:01.170+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='posted by izzatul husna mat noh'/><title type='text'>Kincir angin di Pulau Layang-Layang</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;color:#330000;"&gt;TIDAK ramai yang mengetahui, di Pulau Terumbu Layang-Layang di Sabah, terdapat kincir angin untuk menjana kuasa elektrik bagi kegunaan kem Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia (TLDM) dan resort di sana.&lt;br /&gt;Ia merupakan yang pertama dibina di negara ini. Kincir itu - setakat ini - mampu menampung beban elektrik sedia ada meliputi pelbagai pam, motor, peti ais dan lampu.&lt;br /&gt;Kata seorang penyelidik sistem tenaga angin di Pusat Tenaga Malaysia, Ahmad Shadzli Abdul Wahab: "Sistem tenaga angin yang mendapat tiupan yang cukup di pulau itu, berupaya menjana tenaga elektrik manakala lebihannya digunakan untuk mengecas bateri dan menjalankan proses penyulingan air laut, kalau perlu.''&lt;br /&gt;Katanya, jika angin bertiup perlahan, set jana kuasa diesel akan mengambil alih tugas-tugas penjanaan elektrik secara automatik oleh sistem bateri selama antara lima hingga 10 minit.&lt;br /&gt;Katanya, apabila angin kuat semula, sistem komputer akan menghentikan operasi set janakuasa diesel secara serta-merta dan menyambungkan tenaga tersebut terus ke grid sebelum disalurkan kepada pengguna.&lt;br /&gt;"Sebuah kipas biasa yang mempunyai ketinggian 30 meter mampu menambah kelajuan angin jika mempunyai ketinggian yang lebih dari itu.&lt;br /&gt;"Lebih-lebih lagi jika tiada halangan seperti bukit, pokok-pokok dan bangunan tinggi yang boleh mengurangkan kelajuannya,'' katanya.&lt;br /&gt;Had laju angin juga banyak bergantung kepada panjang bilah kipas yang biasanya berukuran 12 meter sekaligus menjana lebih banyak tenaga elektrik, jelasnya.&lt;br /&gt;Ahmad Shadzli memberitahu, satu unit turbin angin boleh menghasilkan daripada sekecil-kecilnya 0.5 kilowatt (kw) elektrik kepada sebesar-besarnya 1,000 kw.&lt;br /&gt;"Secara purata, sesebuah kawasan yang mempunyai tiupan angin antara lima hingga tujuh meter sesaat boleh dianggap berpotensi untuk penjanaan tenaga.&lt;br /&gt;"Kelajuan angin hendaklah mencapai sehingga 13 meter sesaat supaya dapat menghasilkan 300 kw elektrik seminit bagi setiap unit kipas,'' katanya.&lt;br /&gt;Keseluruhan pengendalian sistem tenaga angin terdiri daripada loji jana kuasa diesel, komputer, bateri dan kipas. Sistem tenaga angin ini amat sesuai digunakan di kawasan kepulauan. Ini kerana penjanaan elektrik menggunakan diesel akan mengalami masalah setiap kali musim tengkujuh.&lt;br /&gt;Kebetulan pula, tambahnya, tiupan angin yang kencang di negara ini - terutama pada musim tengkujuh (bermula November hingga Februari) - adalah memadai untuk menjana tenaga elektrik.&lt;br /&gt;Menurutnya, kawasan Pantai Timur yang menerima angin dari Laut China Selatan mempunyai tiupan angin lebih kencang berbanding Pantai Barat yang terlindung oleh Kepulauan Sumatera.&lt;br /&gt;Ahmad Shadzli berkata, had laju angin berkait rapat dengan topografi muka bumi dan alam sekitar. Antara ciri-ciri yang mempengaruhi kelajuan angin termasuk kedudukan setiap unit kipas. Lebih tinggi kedudukan kipas tersebut, lebih banyak kuasa yang mampu dijana kerana lebih laju pusingan kipas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5433288721401740598?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5433288721401740598/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5433288721401740598' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5433288721401740598'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5433288721401740598'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/10/kincir-angin-di-pulau-layang-layang.html' title='Kincir angin di Pulau Layang-Layang'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-7449141569114398376</id><published>2007-10-02T22:32:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-10-02T22:35:28.269+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='posted by izzatul husna mat noh'/><title type='text'>Krisis tenaga perlu penyelesaian mesra alam</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:lucida grande;color:#009900;"&gt;Sempena Mesyuarat Ekonomi Utama Mengenai Keselamatan Tenagan dan Perubahan Cuaca di Washington AMERIKA Syarikat menjadi tuan rumah Mesyuarat Ekonomi Utama Mengenai Keselamatan Tenaga dan Perubahan Cuaca, satu lagi inisiatif untuk mencetus kesedaran di kalangan warga dunia mengenai perubahan cuaca yang kini menjadi agenda utama generasi masa kini. Mesyuarat di Washington hari ini dan esok adalah perjumpaan pertama disertai 17 kuasa utama ekonomi dunia, dan beberapa negara membangun dan sedang membangun, di samping penyertaan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:lucida grande;color:#009900;"&gt;Kuasa Usaha Amerika Syarikat ke Malaysia, David B Shear, berkata inisiatif terbaru antarabangsa ini disokong pemimpin G-8 dan pemimpin Kerjasama Ekonomi Asia-Pasifik (Apec) yang bermesyuarat di Sydney, Australia, awal bulan ini. "Mesyuarat di kalangan negara ekonomi dunia itu minggu ini, dijangka dapat memulakan gerakan untuk mencari penyelesaian krisis perubahan cuaca ini dengan lebih mantap. Semua negara peserta di mesyuarat ini mewakili 85 peratus ekonomi global yang juga mencatat 80 peratus daripada pengeluaran karbon dioksida dunia," kata Shear dalam kenyataan yang dikeluarkan di Kuala Lumpur. Pertemuan di kalangan negara utama dunia itu dijangka memberi sokongan kepada usaha PBB untuk menggabungkan semua kuasa besar dan mencapai konsensus apabila menggaris elemen bagi rangka kerjasama global yang baru, di bawah Rangka Kerja Konvensyen PBB Mengenai Perubahan Cuaca menjelang 2009. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:lucida grande;color:#009900;"&gt;Amerika Syarikat dan beberapa kuasa ekonomi dunia bukan penandatangan kepada Protokol Kyoto yang bermatlamat menstabilkan pengumpulan gas karbon dioksida, ke peringkat yang boleh mengurangkan kesan lebih buruk kepada sistem iklim dunia. Ketika ini, 141 negara mewakili 55 peratus pengeluaran karbon dunia menandatangani protokol itu dan masing-masing berikrar untuk mengurangkan gas beracun itu sebanyak 5.2 peratus menjelang 2012. Amerika Syarikat sebagai pengeluar karbon dioksida tertinggi dunia tidak menandatangani perjanjian itu dengan alasan ia akan menelan belanja terlalu tinggi dan perjanjian itu mempunyai banyak kelemahan. Antara yang menjadi penghalang ialah tindakan mewajibkan pemasangan alat menapis karbon, usaha membina sumber tenaga yang mesra alam dan penyediaan teknologi baru akan menelan belanja besar. Bagi menangani semua halangan itu, Amerika Syarikat mengambil inisiatif sendiri untuk menjadi tuan rumah kepada mesyuarat di Washington, bagi menggariskan sendiri usaha kuasa-kuasa ekonomi dunia untuk menangani krisis yang semakin serius itu. Jika mesyuarat di Washington ini dapat membantu mempercepatkan usaha ke arah menangani krisis perubahan cuaca dan keselamatan tenaga, masyarakat dunia sudah pasti tidak akan membantah kerana niat semua pihak adalah untuk melindungi dan menguruskan bumi yang semakin terancam ini dengan lebih mantap, demi kebaikan generasi manusia akan datang. Shear berkata, sebenarnya negara utama dunia sudah bersetuju bahawa untuk menangani isu perubahan cuaca itu memerlukan kombinasi tindakan yang boleh memberi perlindungan kepada alam sekitar, pada masa yang sama menggalakkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan memastikan isu keselamatan tenaga dapat dileraikan dengan baik. "Bagaimanapun, semua negara terbabit turut mengaku bahawa perubahan cuaca adalah suatu cabaran yang amat kompleks dan memerlukan penyelesaian jangka panjang. Negara di seluruh dunia sudah pun memulakan usaha dan berkongsi idea untuk mencari penyelesaian teknologi yang boleh mengurangkan gas beracun di atmosfera kita. "Matlamat kita di mesyuarat minggu ini adalah untuk memastikan semua kuasa ekonomi dunia bersetuju dengan elemen utama membabitkan penyelesaian ke arah isu perubahan cuaca dan pemanasan global ini pada 2008. Semua elemen ini perlu dilaksanakan sebelum 2012, termasuk matlamat jangka panjang global dan kajian semula matlamat pertengahan penggal di peringkat nasional," katanya. Jelasnya, mesyuarat dua hari ini diharap memberi penekanan mengenai bagaimana kuasa ekonomi dunia boleh bekerjasama lebih rapat dengan sektor swasta, serta usaha mempercepatkan pembangunan dan penggunaan teknologi yang lebih bersih - komponen paling kritikal untuk memastikan keberkesanan usaha mengurangkan pengeluaran karbon dioksida. "Kami akan menggariskan program kerja bagi sektor utama seperti industri arang batu dan pengangkutan, dan kami dijangka bersetuju untuk memantapkan laporan membabitkan pengeluaran karbon dioksida dan bagaimana kita boleh mengukur pengurangan karbon itu di peringkat korporat," katanya. Shear berkata, selain daripada perbincangan membabitkan keselamatan tenaga dan perubahan cuaca, mesyuarat berkenaan akan turut menyentuh peluang dan keutamaan mendapat laporan kemajuan selepas 2012, di samping mengenal pasti usaha mendesak bagi lebih banyak penyelidikan dan pembangunan teknologi kuasa yang lebih bersih. "Selain agensi kerajaan, sektor swasta dan pertubuhan bukan kerajaan akan turut menyertai mesyuarat ini. Kami berharap mendengar mengenai cabaran yang mereka hadapi, teknologi yang sedang diguna pakai, teknologi yang sedang dibangunkan, dan bagaimana untuk menangani cabaran membiayai semua kos pada masa depan," jelasnya mengenai mesyuarat yang akan dihadirinya. Tegasnya, rangka kerja pasca 2012 patut memastikan penyertaan semua negara dan mengenal pasti kepelbagaian penyelesaian, serta pendekatan yang boleh diambil setiap negara berasaskan kepada keperluan dan sumber mereka untuk menangani krisis perubahan cuaca. "Daripada mengambil satu pendekatan untuk semua, kita akan mencari jalan yang lebih fleksibel, inovatif dan kerja sepasukan pada skala global. "Sekiranya kuasa ekonomi dunia boleh bersetuju dengan satu arah saja untuk ke hadapan, konsesus yang bakal dicapai boleh membantu mempercepatkan prospek perjanjian yang lebih luas melalui PBB," katanya mengenai cabaran besar untuk menangani krisis perubahan cuaca yang memerlukan perubahan dalam pembangunan sumber tenaga yang lebih mesra alam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-7449141569114398376?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/7449141569114398376/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=7449141569114398376' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/7449141569114398376'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/7449141569114398376'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/10/krisis-tenaga-perlu-penyelesaian-mesra.html' title='Krisis tenaga perlu penyelesaian mesra alam'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-893805074217915880</id><published>2007-09-30T22:24:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-09-30T22:27:16.381+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='posted by izzatul husna mat noh'/><title type='text'>PM : Renewable Energy</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://star-techcentral.com/tech/story.asp?file=/2007/8/12/technology/20070812124706&amp;amp;sec=technology"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;KUDAT: Use the forces of nature to harness alternative and renewable energy for villagers, said the Prime Minister. Noting that sunlight, wind and water were plentiful in remote areas, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi said it only made sense to use them to generate electricity for rural communities. Launching the country's first High Impact Rural Development Programme in northern Pulau Banggi, some 300km from Kota Kinabalu yesterday, Abdullah said conventional power generation systems for rural communities were traditionally costly. First of its kind: Abdullah, his wife Datin Seri Jeanne Abdullah and Sabah Chief Minister Datuk Musa Aman (right) looking at a model of the agripolitan project site in Pulau Banggi on Saturday."Rural electrification is too expensive," he said, adding that generating power using solar cells and wind turbines in remote locations was viable in the face of escalating diesel and petrol prices. He told reporters later that although Malaysia would have to import such equipment for now, the country has the capability of developing its own technology as there were already plants producing solar cells in the country. Abdullah said he was pleased that the RM167mil agripolitan scheme on the 440sq km island was the nation's first high impact rural development programme incorporating hybrid solar power generation. Noting that a component of the scheme was the setting up of 4,000ha of rubber plantations for the hardcore poor on the island, he said other agriculture-related activities should also be emphasised. The Prime Minister said villagers should not measure development just by the number of industries established in their localities. "Do not look down on agriculture," said Abdullah, adding that the Banggi islanders' involvement in diverse activities including tourism and aquaculture through the scheme would serve as an example of Malaysia's innovative approach in tackling rural poverty.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-893805074217915880?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/893805074217915880/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=893805074217915880' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/893805074217915880'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/893805074217915880'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/09/pm-renewable-energy.html' title='PM : Renewable Energy'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-880111114467340256</id><published>2007-09-27T20:31:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-09-27T20:39:10.837+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='-Nurul Hidayah Khalil-'/><title type='text'>UPACARA PERASMIAN PELANCARAN LOJI RINTIS DIESEL MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT</title><content type='html'>&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Trebuchet MS;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt; Yang Berhormat Dato' Paul Leong, Menteri Perusahaan Utama; Yang Berhormat Menteri-Menteri; Yang Berbahagia Tan Sri Anuar, Ketua Pengarah PORIM; Tuan-Tuan dan Puan-Puan sekalian, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;Saya ingin merakamkan setinggi penghargaan kepada PORIM kerana memberi penghormatan kepada saya untuk melancarkan Loji Rintis Diesel Minyak Kelapa Sawit ini. Sebagai loji rintis yang pertama di dunia yang mengeluarkan diesel minyak kelapa sawit sebagai bahan bakar untuk tenaga, ianya meletakkan Malaysia di mata dunia sebagai perintis dalam bidang penerokaan, pengeluaran dan penggunaan minyak kelapa sawit sebagai sumber tenaga.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;2. Loji yang berharga $2.9 juta ini berupaya mengeluarkan sebanyak 3,000 tan diesel minyak kelapa sawit, yang dikenali sebagai methyl ester, setahun secara berterusan. Keseluruhan projek ini dalam masa 2 tahun akan datang akan menelan belanja sebanyak $11.7 juta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;3. Tidak syak lagi bahawa perasmian loji ini memberi petanda baik kepada pembangunan Malaysia. Ia bukan sahaja kerana negara telah menempa satu sejarah dalam kemajuan penyelidikan dan pembangunan atau 'research and development', tetapi juga memberi implikasi yang besar kepada program perindustrian, ketahanan nasional dan kemajuan ekonomi negara pada keseluruhannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;4. Adalah dianggarkan bahawa simpanan sumber petroleum mentah di negara ini akan kehabisan dalam masa 20 tahun lagi. Jika pada masa itu bekalan minyak dunia terganggu atau terputus, negara akan mengalami kesulitan besar. Justeru itu kita harus bersedia dengan sumber tenaga gantian yang terdapat di dalam negara kita.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;5. Diesel minyak kelapa sawit nampaknya memenuhi ciri-ciri ini. Ia sesuai untuk dijadikan bahan tenaga gantian dari sumber-sumber yang boleh diperbaharui terutama dalam jangka panjang. Kajian-kajian yang dijalankan menunjukkan bahawa bahan diesel ini mempunyai skop dan berpotensi untuk digunakan secara komersial. Penilaian ke atas diesel minyak kelapa sawit pada enjin kenderaan dan enjin yang tidak bergerak telah memberi hasil yang menggalakkan dan ciri-cirinya adalah setanding dengan diesel petroleum.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;6. Ujian awalan ke atas beberapa buah teksi dan kenderaan PORIM yang meliputi semua aspek teknikal dan prestasi memberi petanda-petanda baik dan menyakinkan untuk digunakan sebagai bahan pembakar. Di antara hasil-hasil yang menggalakkan ialah keluaran asap eksos yang berkurangan, jika dibandiangkan dengan diesel biasa. Satu implikasi ke atas alam sekitar kita ialah ia akan mengurangkan peningkatan lapisan karbon dioksida di udara yang boleh menyebabkan kenaikan suhu hawa dan pencemaran alam sekitar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;7. Saya difahamkan bahawa satu lagi kebaikan ialah enjin-enjin diesel yang sedia ada tidak perlu diubahsuai untuk menggunakan diesel minyak kelapa sawit. Pemandu-pemandu teksi yang terlibat dalam ujian ini telah mengesahkan bahawa mereka tidak mengalami apa jua kemerosotan kuasa enjin yang bermakna pembakaran minyak adalah lebih efisien dari diesel petroleum biasa. Ini ialah kerana diesel minyak kelapa sawit mempunyai nilai 'cetane' dan 'flash point' yang lebih tinggi dari diesel petroleum. Di samping itu tidak terdapat peningkatan dalam endapan karbon di dalam enjin seperti yang berlaku dengan diesel petroleum biasa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;8. Berikutan dari kejayaan awal ini, saya difahamkan bahawa satu ujian luar secara lasak yang melibatkan 200 enjin diesel dan kenderaan akan dilaksanakan. Ujian di atas kenderaan akan meliputi jarak sejauh 300,000 kilometer untuk tempoh selama 2 tahun selepas loji rintis beroperasi. Saya berasa gembira diberitahu bahawa pembuat-pembuat enjin yang terkenal dan agen-agen mereka telah tampil ke hadapan dan bekerjasama untuk mengambil bahagian dalam ujian lasak ini. Sambutan yang menggalakkan ini menunjukkan bahawa mereka berkeyakinan dan menaruh harapan tinggi di atas kejayaan dan potensi diesel minyak kelapa sawit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;9. Tujuan ujian secara besar-besaran ini ialah untuk menilai dengan lebih mendalam lagi kesan-kesan methyl ester ke atas enjin dan minyak pelincir. Saya berharap pakar-pakar PORIM akan dapat mengatasi apa-apa masalah yang timbul. Sekiranya ujian didapati positif, adalah diharapkan pihak pembuat-pembuat enjin akan memberi jaminan ke atas methyl ester sebagai salah satu bahan bakar bagi enjin-enjin diesel mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;10. Sehubungan dengan projek diesel minyak kelapa sawit ini, satu langkah lagi yang telah diambil oleh PORIM ialah untuk menggunakan minyak sawit mentah terus oleh enjin yang direka khas. Enjin yang direka oleh Elko Lizenza dari Jerman Barat boleh menggunakan sama ada diesel petroleum biasa atau minyak sayur. Memandangkan bahawa terdapat minyak kelapa sawit dikeluarkan dengan banyaknya oleh negara ini, PORIM, Mitsui dan Elko telah membuat kajian di Malaysia untuk menilai kesesuaian enjin ini dengan minyak kelapa sawit mentah dan juga diesel minyak kelapa sawit. Kita berharap gabungan teknologi Malaysia, Jepun dan Jerman Barat dapat digemblingkan untuk mencari penyelesaian kepada masalah-masalah tenaga dan persekitaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;Tuan-tuan dan puan-puan, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;11. Sebagai pengeluar dan pengeksport utama minyak kelapa sawit dunia, kejayaan projek diesel minyak kelapa sawit ini akan mengharumkan lagi nama Malaysia sebagai perintis dalam penggunaan minyak kelapa sawit sebagai sumber tenaga baru. Ada pendapat yang menyebut tentang ladang tenaga atau 'energy farm' di mana minyak kelapa sawit ditukar kepada methyl ester untuk tenaga dan digunakan sebagai pengganti diesel. Berdasarkan kepada penilaian awal, penggunaan minyak kelapa sawit sebagai bahan bakar adalah 'viable'. Pada masa ini 18% dari jumlah tenaga yang digunakan oleh industri pengangkutan di Malaysia ialah dari diesel petroleum. Oleh itu minyak kelapa sawit boleh memainkan peranan yang lebih luas di negara ini, terutama di waktu harganya rendah akibat persaingan oleh lain-lain minyak makanan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;12. Saya difahamkan bahawa kajian yang telah dibuat oleh PORIM telah mengenalpasti beberapa bahan sampingan seperti glycerol dan komponen-komponen kecil dapat dihasilkan. Bahan-bahan ini amat berguna dan bernilai tinggi. Penggunaan dan penilaiannya sedang dijalankan dan akan merupakan 'spin off' yang penting dari projek diesel minyak kelapa sawit. Semua ini memberi gambaran yang jelas kepada kita bahawa projek diesel minyak kelapa sawit akan menjadi satu kenyataan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;13. Ekoran dari ini terdapat peluang yang luas dalam bidang-bidang pengeluaran barangan 'downstream' berasaskan minyak kelapa sawit yang dapat memberikan nilai tambahan. Misalnya tocopherol yang dijumpai dalam pati asid lemak sawit boleh mengeluarkan Vitamin E secara komersial, iaitu vitamin yang penting bagi tubuh manusia. Adalah dianggarkan bahawa berdasarkan kepada pengeluaran dari pati asid lemak kelapa sawit negara pada tahun ini, Vitamin E yang bernilai sebanyak $64 juta boleh dihasilkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;14. Oleh itu saya ingin menyeru semua pihak terutama ajensi-ajensi R&amp;amp;D, baik di sektor awam mahupun swasta, supaya memberi tumpuan penyelidikan yang lebih untuk mencipta teknologi-teknologi baru supaya kita dapat mengambil seberapa banyak faedah daripada bahan mentah keluaran tempatan. Kegiatan R&amp;amp;D adalah penting jika kita mahu mengamalkan konsep tanpa pembaziran atau 'zero waste' ke atas hasil dan keluaran kelapa sawit dan minyak kelapa sawit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;15. Research and Development adalah satu usaha yang penting untuk mengeksploitasi sepenuhnya sesuatu bahan. Sehingga kini Malaysia memperuntukkan cuma 0.64% dari Keluaran Negara Kasar atau GNP untuk R&amp;amp;D. Ini amatlah rendah berbanding dengan negara-negara maju. Justeru itu kajian hendaklah dibuat untuk meningkatkan peruntukan untuk R&amp;amp;D di Malaysia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;16. Di sini ingin saya bercakap sedikit berkenaan dengan pemindahan teknologi. Kita tidak berhenti-henti mendengar tentang keengganan orang asing memindah teknologi kepada kita. Tetapi kita tahu bahawa banyak negara membangun yang sudah mendapat taraf negara-negara perindustrian baru atau Newly Industrialising Countries telah dapat menguasai teknologi baru. Kenapakah mereka boleh, tetapi kita tidak boleh, sedangkan punca teknologi adalah sama? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;17. Jawabnya ialah kita menunggu untuk diserah bulat-bulat teknologi asing. Kita tidak mengejar teknologi. Kita menganggap proses penyerahan teknologi ini adalah tanggungjawab orang lain dan bukan kita.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;18. Sebab itu walaupun kita sudah lama mengeluarkan sabun dengan cap yang terkenal dari kelapa sawit, seluar jeans cap yang terkenal di dunia, radio dan calculator kecil, kita cuma tahu memasang komponen sahaja. Setengah para jurutera kita tidak pun tahu meneliti dan mengkaji 'circuit board' supaya dapat mengeluarkan sendiri radio dan calculator. Sebaliknya para jurutera di beberapa negara seperti Korea, Jepun dan Taiwan akan faham apabila melihat sahaja 'circuit board' dan lain-lain. Tidak lama dari itu melalui 'reverse-engineering', mereka dapat meniru dan kemudian merekabentuk barangan mereka sendiri. Kebanyakan dari jurutera kita lebih suka menjadi pentadbir dengan pangkat yang tinggi daripada mencipta sesuatu yang diminati oleh orang ramai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;Tuan-tuan dan puan-puan, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;19. Dengan pelancaran loji rintis diesel minyak kelapa sawit pada hari ini, ujian selanjutnya akan dapat dilaksanakan untuk menguji keupayaan proses yang digunakan untuk mengeluarkan diesel minyak kelapa sawit secara komersial di samping menjalankan kajian kemungkinan serta penilaian secara mendalam tentang kesesuaian bahan ini dijadikan sebagai bahan bakar. Kajian-kajian ini dijangka dapat diselesaikan dalam tempoh dua tahun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;20. Kejayaan kita mencipta proses dan kaedah menukarkan minyak kelapa sawit kepada diesel, memberi kita satu contoh bahawa kemampuan Malaysia dalam bidang sains dan teknologi tidaklah terlalu ketinggalan. Dalam hubungan ini, saya berbangga mendapat tahu bahawa PORIM telah mengemukakan permohonan untuk mendapatkan 2 'patent' di Britain. Kejayaan-kejayaan seperti ini apabila dimajukan sepenuhnya akan menjadi 'intellectual property' negara kita. Saya berharap banyak lagi teknologi baru ciptaan tempatan akan dapat dihasilkan supaya hasrat Kerajaan untuk muncul sebagai sebuah negara perindustrian menjadi kenyataan dalam masa yang sesingkat-singkatnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;21. Dengan harapan tersebut, saya dengan sukacitanya melancarkan Loji Rintis Diesel Minyak Kelapa Sawit serta Projek Enjin Elko ini dengan rasminya.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;  &lt;div align="right"&gt;&lt;hr style="color: rgb(0, 98, 225);font-size:7;" align="right"  width="100%"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Courier New;font-size:130%;"&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:85%;"&gt;Sumber : Pejabat Perdana Menteri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-880111114467340256?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/880111114467340256/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=880111114467340256' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/880111114467340256'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/880111114467340256'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/09/upacara-perasmian-pelancaran-loji.html' title='UPACARA PERASMIAN PELANCARAN LOJI RINTIS DIESEL MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-1586408257706036362</id><published>2007-09-27T02:11:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-09-27T02:26:08.998+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='(post by Rosehanizar Mohd Radzi)'/><title type='text'>Wind, sun and diesel</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://thestar.com.my/archives/2007/9/25/lifefocus/f_02windturbines1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://thestar.com.my/archives/2007/9/25/lifefocus/f_02windturbines1.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="text"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="story_byline"&gt;&lt;b&gt;By MICHAEL CHEANG.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Villagers on an East Coast island are shrinking their carbon footprints by buying green energy.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span class="text"&gt;&lt;p&gt; THE two giant “fans” rise grandly from the highest point of Pulau Perhentian Kecil, Terengganu, their manmade presence in sharp contrast to the lush greenery. Up close, the two    white edifices are even more awe-inspiring, their three blades cutting through the air with ominous resonance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="text"&gt;&lt;p&gt;The fans are power-producing wind turbines – the first in the country – and are part of a unique solar-wind-diesel hybrid power generation system. Installed by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) and allegedly the first of its kind in Asia, the hybrid system has a combined capacity of 650 kilowatts (kW), and is made up of two 100kW wind turbines, 100kW worth of solar panels as well as two diesel generators capable of 200 and 150kW respectively.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;   It also includes a battery that can store up to 480kWh (kilowatt hour) of power.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; TNB Energy Services managing director Rahimuddin Baharudin says the hybrid system will cut the cost of generating power on the island by almost 40% from the previous diesel generator system.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; “Before TNB came to the island, the villagers relied on their own small generators. In 2002, TNB installed a diesel generator that powered the island for 24 hours. However, with rising diesel prices, we had to find a way to reduce the cost of generating power. One of the ways is to use renewable energy generated by wind and sun.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;At this stage, the hybrid system is not meant to replace the diesel generators but to minimise the usage of diesel as a source of electricity. The combination of solar panels, wind turbines and diesel generator will ensure a continuous flow of electricity no matter what the weather conditions are. &lt;p&gt; “In the day, when we have less wind, the solar panels will cover the extra load. At night, the wind turbines will be the ones generating more power. If the solar panels and wind turbines do not create enough power, the diesel generator will (automatically run to) compensate for the deficiency.” &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Rahimuddin says the system has worked well so far, to the extent of generating excess energy that has to be burned off with a heater. For now, the hybrid scheme only provides electricity for Kampung Perhentian on Pulau Perhentian Kecil, and not the dozens of resorts that pepper the sandy shores of neighbouring Pulau Perhentian Besar. The reason? The project comes under the Government’s rural electrification project and is meant for domestic usage only. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Rahimuddin reckons that it is technically possible for the resorts to tap the renewable electricity since there is now excess power. The resorts currently run their own diesel generators.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span class="text"&gt;&lt;p&gt;   &lt;b&gt; Project inception&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Rahimuddin explains that Terengganu Mentri Besar Datuk Seri Idris Jusoh was eager to have a renewable energy system on the island after learning about TNB’s solar hybrid schemes in places such as the Pemanggil, Aur, Sibu, Besar and Tinggi islands off Johor, and Kampung Denai in Rompin, Pahang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;"He has also seen wind farms in Europe and asked us about the possibility of building wind turbines on Pulau Kapas and Pulau Perhentian. At the time, we were aware that Pulau Perhentian has plenty of wind but whether we could harness that energy was a different matter altogether. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; “We had done a study in the area from 1993 to 1999 using a wind monitoring station. But when we started researching this project, we found that the data was outdated. The global climate has changed so much, thanks to global warming, that sometimes we get wind at the wrong times.” &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; TNB took six months to reanalyse the data and design the system, and another six months to build it. The State Government, TNB and Federal Government each funded one-third of the RM12.76mil cost.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; The turbines are designed to harness the winds on Pulau Perhentian as efficiently as possible. Sensors on the structures analyse wind directions and speeds, and the turbines will automatically turn to face the wind. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; The entire system is remote-controlled via the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) satellite from TNB’s headquarters in Kuala Lumpur. A few employees are onsite to conduct maintenance on the diesel generator. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; “Most of our solar hybrid stations in Johor and Pahang are unmanned. But this particular system needs someone to look after the diesel generator at all times,” says Rahimuddin.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Installation of the wind turbines by contractor Wazlina, was planned carefully to minimise the environmental impact on the island, according to Rahimuddin. “We were given conditions by a committee comprising relevant authorities like Marine Department and Department of Environment.”  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Wazlina environmental consultant Shan Suleiman says although the worksite was considered only a “small footprint” on the island, they minimised the impact by not cutting trees unnecessarily, building silt traps and monitoring siltation caused by earthworks.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; However, bringing equipment and materials to the island posed problems. “The transportation was controlled by the Marine Department. Whenever we had a barge coming in, we had to report to them and could only bring the barge in at certain high tides,” says Wazlina director Mohd Safian Dato’ Salleh. “In the end, it cost us almost three times the normal amount to bring in the equipment and materials from the mainland.” &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Despite the higher cost of producing the renewable energy, Pulau Perhentian Kecil villagers are still charged the same electricity tariffs as on the mainland. This differs from the recently launched solar-hybrid system on nearby Pulau Kapas. There, TNB merely built the system. A state-appointed body sells the electricity to resorts at whatever cost they see fit. “The electricity is sold according to the production cost, plus the profits for the body running it,” explains Rahimuddin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-1586408257706036362?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/1586408257706036362/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=1586408257706036362' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/1586408257706036362'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/1586408257706036362'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/09/wind-sun-and-diesel.html' title='Wind, sun and diesel'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-61136593975009965</id><published>2007-09-25T02:36:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-09-30T22:31:27.451+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='posted by izzatul husna mat noh'/><title type='text'>200 negara setuju hapus bahan kimia ancam ozon</title><content type='html'>MONTREAL 23 Sept. – Hampir 200 negara telah menyatakan persetujuan untuk mempercepatkan penghapusan bahan kimia yang mengancam ozon dan memburukkan lagi pemanasan global, lapor Program Alam Sekitar Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (UNEP), semalam.&lt;br /&gt;Pengarah UNEP, Achim Steiner menandatangani perjanjian tersebut dengan ketua-ketua kerajaan terbabit bagi pengharaman pengeluaran bahan kimia hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC).&lt;br /&gt;Pengharaman itu merupakan satu isyarat mustahak dalam usaha memperlahankan perubahan iklim dan pemanasan global.&lt;br /&gt;“Ia barangkali perkembangan yang paling penting dalam proses rundingan persekitaran antarabangsa sekurang-kurangnya untuk tempoh lima atau enam tahun ini.&lt;br /&gt;“Kerajaan mempunyai peluang yang cerah untuk bekerjasama dalam menangani masalah berkembar iaitu perubahan iklim di samping melindungi lapisan ozon yang kian menipis,” katanya.&lt;br /&gt;Perjanjian itu dicapai sewaktu para pemimpin dunia bersiap sedia menghadiri Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (UNGA) yang antara lain cuba membentuk perjanjian sejagat dalam menyelesaikan masalah gas rumah hijau.&lt;br /&gt;Menerusi persetujuan itu, negara maju akan melalui fasa tanpa menghasilkan HCFC pada 2020 manakala negara membangun bermula pada 2030.&lt;br /&gt;Tempoh itu adalah 10 tahun lebih awal daripada perjanjian terdahulu.&lt;br /&gt;Perjanjian tersebut telah merombak jadual yang dibuat pada 1987 di bawah Protokol Montreal, bertujuan untuk menyingkirkan penggunaan HCFC dan bahan kimia berkaitan yang selalu dijumpai dalam peti sejuk dan penyembur rambut.&lt;br /&gt;– AFP&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-61136593975009965?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/61136593975009965/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=61136593975009965' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/61136593975009965'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/61136593975009965'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/09/200-negara-setuju-hapus-bahan-kimia.html' title='200 negara setuju hapus bahan kimia ancam ozon'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-8643864765505685208</id><published>2007-09-24T00:17:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-09-24T00:19:03.309+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='(posted by Rosehanizar and Noor Sakinah)'/><title type='text'>Solar Power: Advantages and Disadvantages</title><content type='html'>&lt;div id="body"&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are many advantages of solar energy.  Just consider the advantages of solar energy over that of oil:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;· Solar energy is a renewable resource. Although we cannot utilize the power of the sun at night or on stormy, cloudy days, etc., we can count on the sun being there the next day, ready to give us more energy and light. As long as we have the sun, we can have solar energy (and on the day that we no longer have the sun, you can believe that we will no longer have ourselves, either).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;· Oil, on the other hand, is not renewable. Once it is gone, it is gone. Yes, we may find another source to tap, but that source may run out, as well.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;· Solar cells are totally silent. They can extract energy from the sun without making a peep. Now imagine the noise that the giant machines used to drill for and pump oil make!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;· Solar energy is non-polluting. Of all advantages of solar energy over that of oil, this is, perhaps, the most important. The burning of oil releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases and carcinogens into the air.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;· Solar cells require very little maintenance (they have no moving parts that will need to be fixed), and they last a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;· Although solar panels or solar lights, etc., may be expensive to buy at the onset, you can save money in the long run. After all, you do not have to pay for energy from the sun. On the other hand, all of us are aware of the rising cost of oil.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;· Solar powered lights and other solar powered products are also very easy to install. You do not even need to worry about wires.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As you can see, there are many advantages of solar energy. The advantages of solar energy range from benefiting your pocketbook to benefiting the environment. There are actually only a few features of solar energy that can be considered disadvantages.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here are the disadvantages of solar energy:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;· Solar cells/panels, etc. can be very expensive.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;· Solar power cannot be created at night.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As you can see the advantages of solar energy create a much longer list that the disadvantages, and the disadvantages are things that can be improved as technology improves.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Anne Clarke writes numerous articles for websites on gardening, parenting, the enviornment, fashion, and home decor. Her background includes teaching and gardening.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-8643864765505685208?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/8643864765505685208/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=8643864765505685208' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8643864765505685208'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8643864765505685208'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/09/solar-power-advantages-and.html' title='Solar Power: Advantages and Disadvantages'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-6274410870548813885</id><published>2007-09-24T00:11:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-09-24T00:12:36.312+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='(posted by Rosehanizar Mohd Radzi)'/><title type='text'>The biomass way for new energy, cleaner environment</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;KUALA LUMPUR - The much-touted biomass, an inevitable organic waste which can be converted into energy and other commercial products, has yet to make any significant contribution to a cleaner environment in the country. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;And in the meantime, the tonnes upon tonnes of biowaste from the country's 3.6 million hectares of oil palm - fronds, trunks and empty fruit bunches - are going to waste, adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and hastening the feared "greenhouse" effect. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Director-General of Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) Datuk Dr Yusof Basiron said any burning of the oil palm waste would release carbon dioxide into the air. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;But if the waste are converted into biomass and tapped as an energy source, the level of carbon in the atmosphere would be maintained if not reduced. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;This is the opposite of fossil fuel sources which can only add more of the gas to hasten the greenhouse effect, he explained. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In the Malaysian context, the main supply of biomass is the oil palm plantation covering an area of 3.6 million hectares, producing over 35 million tonnes of biomass in the form of trunks, fronds and empty fruit bunches (EFB) a year. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;During the replanting, the trees yield some 25 million tonnes of the trunks annually. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The current practice of disposing the oil palm waste is to dump them back to the field or to burn them - both ways give a negative impact on the environment. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;With this in mind, Dr Yusof said the government had come up with the idea of producing five percent of the country's energy in 2005 from biomass, specifically oil palm waste. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;"We don't want to over-exploit fossil fuel, but start using the available raw material and renewable resource," he said, while admitting that it is a big challenge to the government to get the people to use less fossil fuels. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;This is because Malaysia has a lot of raw materials and energy sources such as petroleum, gas, timber and rubberwood, which put a brake on the use of oil palm biomass. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;"People are still comfortable with the current raw material availability from other sources," he explained. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Dr Yusof said the importance of oil palm biomass would emerge when the shift in raw material supply takes place. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;"Rubberwood which is the main source now is depleting, so the shift would be towards oil palm biomass. This natural shift would take some time to occur. This is the reason why we want the industry to respond very fast and start commercial exploitation as soon as possible, and not wait for the natural shift," he said. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;He said the fact that the government had outlawed the open burning of oil palm waste is a clear message to the industry players to find a profitable use of the waste. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;It is up to the industry to maximise revenue by making the biomass in the most efficient and profitable way, he said. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Noting that necessity in the mother of all inventions, he said the low prices of palm oil and lack of income would drive the industry to go for the greater use of oil palm biomass. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;He said incentives like rebates, tax exemption and regulations would also induce all sectors, especially big industry players, to employ environment-friendly energy use. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Dr Yusof felt that there is no need for other organic waste when the oil palm sector is the main source of biomass. "It has excess amounts (of biomass) and that should be exploited right now," he argued. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The industry, he said, had to work out on the logistics factor in such a way there would be minimum transporting cost of raw material and finished products. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;"The raw materials should be also transported with great efficiency, meaning that they should not transport very crude kind of raw materials because they contain a lot of water," he said. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;So, there must be a scheme to allow each mill to have a pre-processing facility to dry the fiber and compact it before it is marketed, said Dr Yusof. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;As for funding of these projects, he said a lot of banks such as Bank Industri and even the commercial banks would look at the viability of a project before giving the financial backing. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;As far as biomass is concerned, he said it is something very new and the banks need to be fully exposed, especially on the potentials of the industry. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;To make things click, he said MPOB had invested RM20 million to RM30 million (on R&amp;amp;D work) in the last 20 years. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;MPOB had also been very aggressive to make the biomass industry a success, and had staged various seminars to unfold the potentials of the industry for the players and the banks. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Recently, MPOB jointly organised a two-day seminar on "Oil Palm Biomass: Opportunities for Commercialisation" with Faunhofer Liaison Office, Malaysia and The Chamber of Commerce, Hannover Hildersheim, Lower Saxonia, Germany. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;MPOB, he said, has also established a medium density fiberboard (MDF) pilot plant to undertake development work with the objective of gradually replacing rubberwood as a major material for MDF and improving the quality of the MDF produced. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;"We are there to help the companies that have problems in shifting from rubberwood to oil palm fibers," he added. - Bernama&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-6274410870548813885?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/6274410870548813885/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=6274410870548813885' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6274410870548813885'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6274410870548813885'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/09/biomass-way-for-new-energy-cleaner.html' title='The biomass way for new energy, cleaner environment'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-6173232996054809345</id><published>2007-09-19T21:27:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-09-19T21:28:32.148+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Minda Pengarang: Dasar guna tenaga lebih komprehensif patut dirangka</title><content type='html'>SATU mekanisme khas akan diperkenalkan kerajaan bagi membantu golongan miskin, khususnya nelayan sebelum subsidi diesel dimansuhkan. Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi kelmarin berkata, mekanisme itu masih pada peringkat perbincangan dan sedang diperhalusi bagi memastikan tidak timbul sebarang masalah kepada pengguna bahan api berkenaan jika subsidinya dimansuhkan. Kerajaan akan memastikan sebarang keputusan nanti tidak akan menyebabkan nelayan menanggung beban, manakala pihak yang menganggap subsidi itu membuka ruang untuk penyeludupan dan merugikan negara, juga berpuas hati. Kita berharap kajian mendalam itu turut melihat subsidi yang diberikan kepada industri lain kerana jumlah diesel digunakan nelayan tidak sebesar diesel digunakan industri berat. Baru-baru ini, Ahli Majlis Tindakan Ekonomi Negara (MTEN), Prof Datuk Dr Ismail Salleh menyarankan kerajaan memansuhkan subsidi diesel bagi menangani penyelewengan dan penyeludupan bahan api itu yang semakin berleluasa hingga menyebabkan negara mengalami kerugian besar. Bagaimanapun, Kementerian Perdagangan Dalam Negeri dan Hal Ehwal Pengguna (KPDNHEP) menyatakan ia akan meneruskan pemberian subsidi diesel kepada nelayan dan industri berikutan sektor terbabit masih memerlukan bantuan kerajaan bagi meneruskan operasi. Kita berpendapat pihak berkuasa perlu merangka dasar penggunaan tenaga yang lebih kondusif supaya pemberian subsidi kepada industri yang mencatat keuntungan berjuta-juta ringgit setiap tahun itu dapat dihentikan. Dasar yang komprehensif itu harus merangkumi segala aspek berkaitan penggunaan tenaga, termasuk polisi ke arah mendidik rakyat menjimatkan penggunaan tenaga dalam kegiatan seharian. Industri tempatan seharusnya mengambil langkah menjimatkan penggunaan tenaga, sekali gus mengurangkan kos mereka supaya lebih kompetitif di pasaran. Subsidi pula harus dihadkan kepada golongan benar-benar memerlukan seperti nelayan dan petani. Kita percaya jika subsidi kepada industri ini dihentikan, barulah mereka mencari jalan untuk menjimatkan kos supaya lebih berdaya saing. Memang benar sesetengah industri memerlukan bantuan kerajaan pada peringkat permulaan, tetapi kebanyakan industri yang menikmati subsidi sekarang sudah wujud berpuluh-puluh tahun. Jika dulu, mereka mungkin menyediakan banyak peluang pekerjaan kepada rakyat tempatan, tetapi kini jika mereka tidak menggunakan mesin sepenuhnya, mereka mengaji rakyat asing kerana upahnya lebih rendah. Matlamat kerajaan mencapai pembangunan sosioekonomi lebih seimbang sukar dicapai selagi subsidi ini diteruskan. Tahun lalu misalnya, kerajaan meraih penjimatan subsidi RM900 juta selepas menaikkan harga minyak berbanding jangkaan penjimatan RM4.4 bilion. Untuk berapa lama lagi kerajaan terpaksa menanggung beban bagi mengekalkan harga petroleum? Subsidi tidak menggalakkan kecekapan dan pemuliharaan, sekali gus memerlukan penyelesaian. Malangnya setiap kali kerajaan mahu menurunkan subsidi, kalangan industrilah yang membantah dengan pelbagai alasan. Anehnya keadaan sama tidak berlaku di negara lain. Satu perkara yang pasti ialah bekalan sumber minyak dan gas dalam negara semakin habis, malah mungkin lebih cepat daripada tempoh jangkaan jika kadar penggunaan dalam negara terus meningkat. Hakikat Malaysia menjadi pengimport bersih minyak menjelang 2010 tidak dapat dielakkan jika permintaan domestik bagi produk petroleum terus meningkat pada kadar empat peratus setahun. Oleh itu, sementara kita menunggu mekanisme khas dirangka bagi membantu golongan miskin, semua pihak, terutama industri tempatan perlu berusaha mengambil langkah proaktif menjimatkan penggunaan tenaga.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by nurul hidayah sulong&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-6173232996054809345?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/6173232996054809345/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=6173232996054809345' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6173232996054809345'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6173232996054809345'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/09/minda-pengarang-dasar-guna-tenaga-lebih.html' title='Minda Pengarang: Dasar guna tenaga lebih komprehensif patut dirangka'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-1698677222776962645</id><published>2007-09-11T12:18:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-09-11T12:19:18.593+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Energy efficiency and energy balance of biofuels</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Production of biofuels from raw materials requires energy (for farming, transport and conversion to final product as well as the production of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides). The level of energy expenditure varies by location: more intensive agricultural regimes such as those found in Western countries are more energy intensive. The more machinery is used for farming, the greater the energy expended in the process; developing countries tend to have less intensive agricultural methods. It is possible to produce biomass without incurring large agricultural energy costs: for example, wild-harvesting excess wood from established forests can be done without much energy input. However the yield of biomass from such resources is not consistent or large enough to support biofuel manufacture on a large scale.&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;a title="Energy balance" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_balance"&gt;energy balance&lt;/a&gt; of a biofuel is determined by the amount of energy put in to the manufacture of fuel compared to the amount of energy released when it is burned in a vehicle. Biofuels tend to require higher energy inputs per unit energy than fossil fuels: oil can be pumped out of the ground and processed more efficiently than biofuels can be grown and processed. However, this is not necessarily a reason to use oil instead of biofuels, nor does it have an impact on the environmental benefits provided by a given biofuel.&lt;br /&gt;Other factors connected to energy balance are a) cost and b) environmental impact. High energy impacts do not necessarily mean that the resulting fuel will be bad for the environment: energy can be derived from renewable resources to power biofuel manufacture.&lt;br /&gt;Energy balance is not necessarily a measure of a good biofuel. Biofuels should be affordable, sustainable, abundant and provide good GHG emissions savings when compared with fossil fuels.&lt;br /&gt;Energy balance/ efficiency of conversion is relevant when considering how best to use a given amount of biomass resources. For example, given limited resources should biomass be converted into heat and power or liquid transport fuels? Looking at energy balance and the efficiency of energy conversion can help to use biomass resources efficiently and with maximum environmental gain.&lt;br /&gt;Studies have been done that calculate energy balances for biofuel production. Some of these show large differences depending on the biomass feedstock used and location. &lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel#_note-15"&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The energy balance is more favourable for biofuels made from crops grown in subtropical or tropical areas than those made from crops grown in temperate areas [&lt;a title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;]. This is largely due to the increased yield of biomass from crops in areas that receive more sunlight.&lt;br /&gt;Life cycle assessments of biofuel production show that under certain circumstances, biofuels produce only limited savings in energy and greenhouse gas emissions. Fertiliser inputs and transportation of biomass across large distances can reduce the GHG savings achieved. The location of biofuel processing plants can be planned to minimise the need for transport, and agricultural regimes can be developed to limit the amount of fertiliser used for biomass production. A European study on the greenhouse gas emissions found that &lt;a title="Life cycle assessment" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment"&gt;well-to-wheel&lt;/a&gt; (WTW) CO2 emissions of biodiesel from seed crops such as &lt;a title="Rapeseed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapeseed"&gt;rapeseed&lt;/a&gt; could be almost as high as fossil diesel. It showed a similar result for bio-ethanol from starch crops, which could have almost as many WTW CO2 emissions as fossil petrol. This study showed that second generation biofuels have far lower WTW CO2 emissions.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel#_note-16"&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other independent LCA studies show that biofuels save around 50% of the CO2 emissions of the equivalent fossil fuels. This can be increased to 80-90% GHG emissions savings if second generation processes or reduced fertiliser growing regimes are used (&lt;a class="external text" title="http://ies.jrc.cec.eu.int/wtw.html" href="http://ies.jrc.cec.eu.int/wtw.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Concawe Well to Wheels LCA for biofuels&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-1698677222776962645?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/1698677222776962645/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=1698677222776962645' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/1698677222776962645'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/1698677222776962645'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/09/energy-efficiency-and-energy-balance-of.html' title='Energy efficiency and energy balance of biofuels'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-6234972672814951275</id><published>2007-09-11T12:15:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-09-11T12:17:42.858+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Bioenergy from waste</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Using waste biomass to produce energy can reduce the use of fossil fuels, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce pollution and waste management problems. A recent publication by the European Union highlighted the potential for waste-derived bioenergy to contribute to the reduction of global warming. The report concluded that 19 million tons of oil equivalent is available from biomass by 2020, 46% from bio-wastes: municipal solid waste (MSW), agricultural residues, farm waste and other biodegradable waste streams.&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel#_note-1"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel#_note-2"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Landfill sites generate gases as the waste buried in them undergoes &lt;a title="Anaerobic digestion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion"&gt;anaerobic digestion&lt;/a&gt;. These gases are known collectively as &lt;a title="Landfill gas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill_gas"&gt;landfill gas&lt;/a&gt;: this can be burned and is a source of renewable energy. &lt;a class="external text" title="http://e85.whipnet.net/outlook/landfill.gases.html" href="http://e85.whipnet.net/outlook/landfill.gases.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;Landfill gas (LFG)&lt;/a&gt; can be burned either directly for heat or to generate electricity for public consumption. Landfill gas contains approximately 50 percent methane, the same gas that is found in natural gas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If landfill gas is not harvested, it escapes into the atmosphere: this is not desirable because methane is a greenhouse gas, with more &lt;a title="Global warming potential" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_potential"&gt;global warming potential&lt;/a&gt; than carbon dioxide. &lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel#_note-IPCC2001"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel#_note-EPAGWP"&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt; Over a timespan of 100 years, methane has a global warming potential of 23 relative to CO2. &lt;a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel#_note-IPCC2001"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; Therefore, during this time, one ton of methane produces the same greenhouse gas (GHG) effect as 23 tons of CO2. When methane burns the formula is CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O. So by harvesting and burning landfill gas, its global warming potential is reduced a factor of 23, in addition to providing energy for heat and power.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PhD Frank Keppler and PhD Thomas Rockmann discovered that living plants also produce methane CH4. [&lt;a title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;] The amount of methane produced by living plants is 10 to 100 times greater than that produced by dead plants but does not increase global warming because of the &lt;a title="Carbon cycle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle"&gt;carbon cycle&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a title="Anaerobic digestion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion"&gt;Anaerobic digestion&lt;/a&gt; can be used as a distinct waste management strategy to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfill and generate methane, or &lt;a title="Biogas" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas"&gt;biogas&lt;/a&gt;. Any form of biomass can be used in &lt;a title="Anaerobic digestion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion"&gt;anaerobic digestion&lt;/a&gt; and will break down to produce &lt;a title="Methane" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"&gt;methane&lt;/a&gt;, which can be harvested and burned to generate heat, power or to power certain automotive vehicles.&lt;br /&gt;A 3 MW landfill power plant would power 1,900 homes. It would eliminate 6,000 tons per year of methane from getting into the environment. It would eliminate 18,000 tons per year of CO2 from fossil fuel replacement. This is the same as removing 25,000 cars from the road, or planting 36,000 acres (146 km²) of forest, or not using 305,000 barrels of oil per year.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;(sharifah norazira)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-6234972672814951275?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/6234972672814951275/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=6234972672814951275' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6234972672814951275'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6234972672814951275'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/09/bioenergy-from-waste.html' title='Bioenergy from waste'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-3429682882270421883</id><published>2007-09-11T12:02:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-09-11T12:06:48.553+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Bio-Fuels Facts</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bio-Fuels Facts &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="Ethanol"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Ethanol &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Q: What is ethanol?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A: Ethanol, also called grain alcohol or ethyl alcohol, can be made from any starch- or sugar-based feedstock. Corn is the most common feedstock used in the United States, whereas sugar cane is the preferred feedstock in Latin America. The energy content of ethanol is approximately two-thirds that of gasoline by volume. For that reason, and because of its higher cost, ethanol is typically used as a gasoline additive. Approximately one out of every eight gallons of gasoline sold in the U.S. contains 8% to 10% ethanol. All reciprocating engine vehicles can use ethanol blends in small quantities (up to 20%, or denoted as E20), and with slight alterations can accommodate ethanol blends as high as 85% (E85). It is also possible to run engines on pure ethanol. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Q: How is ethanol produced?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A: There are two different methods for producing ethanol, both based on breaking down plant matter into simple sugars and starches and then fermenting them to produce alcohol. Ethanol is primarily made through a distilled ethanol process whereby the sugars and starches from the feedstock are boiled and concentrated into grain alcohol (basically "moonshine," although ethanol is denatured to prevent the fuel from being consumed). The process can also use microbe fermentation (with a byproduct of CO2) or a wet-milling procedure that also yields high-fructose corn sweetener. The fermentation process can easily break down simple sugars in the fruits or edible portions of plants; examples of commonly-used feedstocks include corn kernels, sugar cane, milo, cheese whey, and potato waste. New technologies are emerging that can break down the more complex sugars that compose other parts of plants, such as the fibrous stalks, husks, grasses, and wood. Converting these sources of cellulosic and hemicellulosic biomass into ethanol opens up a new avenue for fuel supplies, since this waste biomass is readily available and renewable in large quantities. What are essentially agricultural wastes will soon commonly be converted into a usable energy source.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Q: Pros and cons of ethanol:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Pros: Ethanol reduces levels of carbon monoxide and other toxic air pollutants. The biomass used for ethanol absorbs carbon dioxide (CO2) when it is grown, so it adds no net CO2 to the atmosphere. It can be used to boost the octane in gasoline to prevent engine knocking, and it increases gasoline's lubricity. It also takes only six months to harvest a substantial crop of fuel. Ethanol is an oxygenate that reduces ground-level ozone. Since ethanol can be produced locally, it has the potential to add to the local economy, particularly in the agricultural sector, and help reduce the importation of oil.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cons: Depending on the ethanol/gasoline blend, ethanol may raise levels of nitrogen oxides produced as gasoline emissions. Because of its lower energy content relative to gasoline, ethanol also reduces mileage per gallon. Corn-based ethanol production is energy intensive, and in some instances uses nearly as much energy to produce (including the energy needed for farming and making fertilizers) than it supplies, although new technologies are improving the efficiency of production. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="Biodiesel"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Biodiesel&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Q: What is biodiesel?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A: Biodiesel is a combustible fuel that is physically similar to petroleum diesel but made from natural, renewable sources. As with every transportation and stationary fuel, biodiesel is processed to meet ASTM standards. A blend of 20 percent biodiesel with 80 percent petroleum (B20) can be used in all diesel-burning equipment, including compression-ignition engines and oil heat boilers, without modification. Higher blends, including pure biodiesel, can be used in many engines made after 1994, but slight modifications are necessary. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Q: How is biodiesel produced?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A: Biodiesel, otherwise known as fatty acid alkyl esters, can be made from any vegetable oil or animal fat. In the U.S., roughly half of biodiesel production uses soybean oil, and most of the remaining half is recycled from restaurants' cooking oil. The fats and oils are combined with an alcohol, commonly methanol, and a catalyst, commonly sodium or potassium hydroxide, to produce a chemical reaction giving off fatty acid methyl esters and a glycerol co-product. Many esterification technologies can be used to produce biodiesel; all involve basic fats, an alcohol, and a catalyst.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Q: What are the pros and cons of biodiesel?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Pros: When blended with standard transportation diesel, biodiesel helps to extend the energy capacity of the diesel. Biodiesel can also be used as a home heating oil. Because biodiesel is produced from natural sources, it generally releases as much carbon dioxide as it uses growing. A blend of 20 percent biodiesel will reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 15 percent, and adding biodiesel also reduces the amount of particulates (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) released as emissions. Biodiesel is less combustible than petroleum, making it safer to store and transport. In addition, if biodiesel spills, it is biodegradable and breaks down roughly four times faster than petroleum diesel. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cons: Use of biodiesel results in increased levels of harmful nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions when used in diesel engines, although not usually in residential heating equipment. Also, in and of itself biodiesel releases the same amount of hydrocarbon (or soluble carbon) emissions when burned as regular diesel. Furthermore, pure biodiesel has a high "clouding" point, meaning that liquid biodiesel begins to thicken into a solid at low temperatures. Because of its higher clouding point, biodiesel is more difficult to store and transport in cold climates, which adds to its cost.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="Biomass"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Biomass and Biomass Gasification&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Q: What is biomass?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A: Biomass is generally made up of woody plant residue and complex starches. The largest percentage of biomass used to create energy is wood, but other bioproducts, such as fast-growing switchgrass, are being investigated as sources of energy. The three largest sources of biomass used for fuel are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Biomass processing results in the end-products biochemicals, biofuels, and biopower, all of which can be used as fuel sources. Biochemicals involve converting biomass into chemicals to produce electricity; biofuels are biomass converted into liquids for transportation; and biopower is made by either burning biomass directly (as with a wood-burning stove) or converting it into a gaseous fuel to generate electric power. Currently, production of electricity from biomass constitutes 3.3 percent of the United States' energy supply. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Q: What is biomass gasification? &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A: Biomass gasification uses a high-temperature process to convert biomass (such as wood pulp) into a synthesis gas (syngas) that consists mainly of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen (H2). The gas can either be used to produce heat or electricity, which can then be used for other purposes (such as production of hydrogen fuel cells), or anaerobic bacteria can be added to the gas to create ethanol and other fuel liquids. One type of gasification process currently being developed for large-scale use by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in conjunction with the forest products industry involves black liquor, a biomass byproduct of the timber industry. The gas produced is cycled into a turbine to create heat and electricity, and waste solids are siphoned off for use in the pulping process. The forest products industry is a large producer of cogenerated electricity from wood-derived fuels: it produces 41 percent of the United States' self-generated electricity through cogeneration.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Q: What are the pros and cons of biomass gasification?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pros: Production of electricity and heat from biomass has the potential for widespread use in the United States, as the gasification process uses many diverse and plentiful feedstocks. Although biomass releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere when combusted, the amount of CO2 released is equal to or less than the amount that the crop absorbs while growing (net emissions of CO2 are zero). Also, production of biomass feedstocks creates jobs in the domestic agricultural sector. In the case of the paper products industry, biomass gasification may eliminate the need to purchase electricity while reducing some of the industry's chemical use and improving waste management.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Cons: At present, the technology to produce electricity from biomass in large quantities is not economically viable; however, research is being done in many areas of biomass production, and this will likely change. Even though net CO2 emissions are zero, other pollutants such as SOx and NOx are released during combustion.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-3429682882270421883?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/3429682882270421883/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=3429682882270421883' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/3429682882270421883'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/3429682882270421883'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/09/bio-fuels-facts.html' title='Bio-Fuels Facts'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-8543459428723017842</id><published>2007-09-11T11:56:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-09-11T12:00:29.879+08:00</updated><title type='text'>What is Biofuel?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What is biofuel?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Biofuels are transport fuels made from plant material and recycled elements of the food chain, and as such are considered renewable and sustainable in contrast to the majority of liquid and gas fuels we use today, which are fossil based with limited world reserves. Biofuels can be used in either pure form or blended with fossil fuels, in diesel powered vehicles and boats.  There are two classes of biofuel: biodiesel and bioethanol. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Biodiesel&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Biodiesel is produced through a process in which organically derived oils are combined with alcohol (ethanol or methanol) in the presence of a catalyst to form ethyl or methyl ester. The biomass-derived ethyl or methyl esters can be blended with conventional diesel fuel or used as a neat fuel (100% biodiesel). Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oils, for example rapeseed.  It can replace diesel entirely or it can be mixed with it in different proportions for running diesel engines which require little or no modification. Biodiesel sold on UK forecourts is a blend of 5% biodiesel and 95% mineral diesel, and requires no engine modification. Biodiesel is better for the environment than petrol diesel since it is made from renewable resources and has lower emissions. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bioethanol&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Bioethanol and its derivative, ETBE, are oxygenated products, produced from a range of agricultural feedstocks, e.g. starch and sugar crops.  It can be used in existing, slightly modified, petrol engines, although cold starting requires the addition of a small amount of a volatile fuel component - usually petrol.  Vegetable ETBE is used as an additive to enhance the octane rating, as a replacement for the fossil oxygenate MTBE. (sharifah Norazira)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-8543459428723017842?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/8543459428723017842/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=8543459428723017842' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8543459428723017842'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8543459428723017842'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/09/what-is-biofuel.html' title='What is Biofuel?'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-6082901564451799869</id><published>2007-09-07T11:39:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2007-09-07T11:50:39.046+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Reka bangunan jimat tenaga</title><content type='html'>Oleh Habibah Omar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PUTRAJAYA 28 Jun – Pembinaan bangunan baru kerajaan perlu dilengkapi dengan sistem penggunaan tenaga yang cekap bagi memastikan pembangunannya dapat mengurangkan kesan negatif terhadap alam sekitar.&lt;br /&gt;Menteri Tenaga, Air dan Komunikasi, Datuk Seri Dr. Lim Keng Yaik berkata, untuk itu Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) dan agensi kerajaan yang berkaitan perlu menerapkan aspek tersebut dalam reka bentuk bangunan.&lt;br /&gt;Katanya, ia selaras dengan pengumuman Perdana Menteri ketika membentangkan bajet tahun lalu agar bangunan kerajaan dapat mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga sebanyak 10 peratus.&lt;br /&gt;“Setakat ini saya belum melihat sebarang usaha dijalankan untuk mencapai matlamat berkenaan (mengurangkan tenaga sebanyak 10 peratus).&lt;br /&gt;“Saya harap jabatan kerajaan, JKR dan Putrajaya Holdings mempertimbangkan apa yang diperkatakan oleh Perdana Menteri pada bulan Oktober tahun lalu.&lt;br /&gt;“Peranti penjimatan tenaga boleh dibeli dan ditambah kepada sistem di mana-mana bangunan untuk menjimatkan tenaga,” katanya kepada pemberita di sini, hari ini.&lt;br /&gt;Beliau berkata demikian selepas Majlis Pecah Tanah Bangunan Suruhanjaya Tenaga di Presint 2 di sini hari ini.&lt;br /&gt;Bangunan itu dijangka siap pada 2009 dengan menggunakan beberapa pendekatan cekap tenaga akan diambil, antara dengan mengoptimumkan arah bangunan, memaksimumkan pembauran cahaya siang, penggunaan lampu dengan kecekapan tinggi serta pemasangan sistem penyejuk cekap tenaga.&lt;br /&gt;Mengulas lanjut, Keng Yaik berkata, ketika ini pihaknya sedang mengadakan audit tenaga ke atas tujuh bangunan kerajaan termasuk JKR, Unit Perancangan Ekonomi (EPU), Hospital Selayang serta Kem Tentera di Jalan Ipoh berhubung kecekapan tenaga.&lt;br /&gt;Audit tenaga itu dikendalikan oleh Timbalan Ketua Setiausaha II kementerian berkenaan, Loo Took Gee.&lt;br /&gt;Sementara itu, ketika ditanya sama ada beliau akan bertanding dalam pilihan raya umum akan datang, Keng Yaik memberitahu beliau tidak akan bertanding.&lt;br /&gt;“Saya kena merancang untuk tenaga elektrik. Saya mempunyai 10 tahun untuk merancang. Saya merancang sekarang tapi pelaksanaan dalam 10 tahun akan datang.&lt;br /&gt;“Mana ada masa, tapi saya tidak akan bertanding dalam pilihan raya umum akan datang,” katanya.&lt;br /&gt;Sementara itu Took Gee berkata, audit tenaga itu dijangka siap pada September ini dan laporan mengenainya akan dibentangkan ke Kabinet untuk membolehkan bangunan-bangunan kerajaan dibina dengan menggunakan sistem penggunaan tenaga yang cekap.&lt;br /&gt;“Kita akan cadangkan pada kerajaan supaya di masa depan bila bina bangunan, aspek penjimatan tenaga dapat dijalankan kerana selama ini ia tidak dipandang serius disebabkan kadar elektrik yang rendah,” katanya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(post by Rosehanizar mohd Radzi)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-6082901564451799869?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/6082901564451799869/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=6082901564451799869' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6082901564451799869'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6082901564451799869'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/09/reka-bangunan-jimat-tenaga.html' title='Reka bangunan jimat tenaga'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-2948758416235846631</id><published>2007-09-07T11:29:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-09-07T11:38:56.845+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Ruang kediaman bagaikan galeri elektrik</title><content type='html'>Oleh MOHD. KHUZAIRI ISMAIL&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;GAYA hidup moden seringkali dikaitkan dengan perkakasan dan kelengkapan rumah yang bukan hanya tinggi kualitinya, malah tampil menawan dari segi reka bentuknya.&lt;br /&gt;Bukan sesuatu yang sukar juga untuk mencari kelengkapan rumah dengan ciri-ciri itu sementelah pelbagai inovasi dan penyelidikan dijalankan bagi menghasilkan peralatan elektrik yang menepati gaya hidup moden.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Salah satunya adalah rangkaian produk perkakasan rumah yang ditawarkan oleh syarikat yang terkenal dengan tagline Life‘s Good iaitu LG Electronics (LG).&lt;br /&gt;LG tampil dengan peti sejuk dan mesin basuh bermotifkan corak bunga menarik yang pastinya membangkitkan seri kediaman pemiliknya.&lt;br /&gt;Ia hadir dalam pilihan warna yang menawan antaranya merah, biru, perak, putih, merah jambu dan hitam sekali gus menggantikan kebiasaan warna perak mesin basuh dan peti sejuk ketika ini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Bagi produk mesin basuh misalnya, ia didatangkan dengan kelebihan teknologi penjana stim atau wap yang tidak hanya berfungsi mencuci pakaian malah sehingga mengeringkannya dalam masa bekerja yang sama,’’ ujar beliau ketika ditemui di ibu pejabat LG di Kelana Jaya, Selangor, baru-baru ini.&lt;br /&gt;Teknologi itu juga tambah Nikki membolehkan pengguna menjimatkan kira-kira 35 peratus penggunaan air dan 21 peratus tenaga elektrik dalam masa yang sama bekerja secara mesra alam terutamanya dari segi pelepasan air kumbahan yang sedikit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Program Refresh mesin basuh itu barangkali menjadikannya lebih istimewa apabila ia mampu mengurangkan kesan renyuk pada kain dalam masa kira-kira 20 minit dan menjadikan pakaian seolah-olah baru diseterika.&lt;br /&gt;Ia hadir dalam dua pilihan berat muatan iaitu 10 dan 12 kilogram namun mesin basuh dengan corak bunga untuk pasaran Malaysia hanya ditawarkan dalam warna merah dan perak dengan muatan 12 kilogram.&lt;br /&gt;Turut menampilkan kelainan reka bentuk dalam kelasnya yang tersendiri ialah peti sejuk Side by Side LG yang sememangnya direka untuk menjadikan ruang kediaman seolah-olah sebuah pusat galeri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menggunakan teknologi percetakan kaca unik, corak motif bunga pada peti sejuk itu juga berjaya membangkitkan kesan khas tiga dimensi (3D) untuk sudut pandangan yang lebih jelas dan menarik.&lt;br /&gt;Didatangkan dengan mini bar pada bahagian permukaan luarnya, ia boleh dibuka dengan semudah menekan dengan perlahan bahagian pintu luarnya dan ia boleh menampung sehingga 20 kilogram bebanan.&lt;br /&gt;Turut mencuri tumpuan ialah ruangan penghasilan ais yang mana pengguna hanya perlu memasukkan air secara terus ke dalam ruang yang disediakan dan ais juga boleh didapati pada bahagian permukaan pintu yang dibina bersebelah mini bar.&lt;br /&gt;Sama seperti model Side by Side, beberapa model terbaru peti sejuk LG yang lain turut hadir dengan inovasi reka bentuk dan teknologi terkini antaranya binaan pepenjuru yang tersembunyi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lebarnya juga kira-kira lima inci lebih kecil berbanding peti ais biasa bersaiz 40 inci lebar sekali gus memudahkan ia ditempatkan di mana-mana sudut ruang dapur malah, enjinnya juga beroperasi secara senyap.&lt;br /&gt;Setiap ruang yang dibina pada bahagian dalaman peti ais itu juga didatangkan dengan kelebihan tersendiri sebagai contoh dua bahagian laci paling bawah dengan kemampuan dwi fungsi sama ada untuk menyimpan sayur-sayuran atau daging.&lt;br /&gt;Kesemua model terbaru mesin basuh dan peti ais LG itu yang akan berada di pasaran selewat-lewatnya September ini dijual pada harga di antara RM4,000 hingga RM7,000.&lt;br /&gt;Melengkapkan gaya hidup moden daripada LG ialah rangkaian penghawa dingin terbaru mereka yang dipertingkatkan dengan teknologi terkini iaitu sistem Air Purifying dan fungsi Auto Clean.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apa yang mengagumkan daripada teknologi terbaru ini, ia mampu mengurangkan penembusan virus selesema burung sehingga 99.9 peratus sekali gus muncul penghawa dingin pertama di dunia dengan kelebihan tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;Sistem terbaru Neo Plasma Plus Air Purifying itu dilengkapi dengan multi penapis dan fungsi pembersihan sendiri yang dibangunkan kepada dua model terbaru mereka iaitu siri Art Cool dan Neo Plasma Plus.&lt;br /&gt;Ia turut dibangunkan dengan fungsi pembersihan automatik yang akan mengeringkan haba pertukaran yang basah sekali gus menghalang habuk dan bakteria tersebar ke udara.&lt;br /&gt;Rangkaian produk terbaru pendingin hawa LG ini sudah berada di pasaran dan dijual pada harga di antara RM1,399 hingga RM3,199.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Maklumat lanjut mengenai rangkaian produk perkakasan rumah yang ditawarkan oleh LG boleh didapati dengan menghubungi talian 03-7491 2888 atau layari laman web &lt;a href="http://www.lge.com.my/"&gt;www.lge.com.my&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(post by Rosehanizar Mohd Radzi &amp;amp; Noor Sakinah)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-2948758416235846631?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/2948758416235846631/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=2948758416235846631' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/2948758416235846631'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/2948758416235846631'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/09/ruang-kediaman-bagaikan-galeri-elektrik.html' title='Ruang kediaman bagaikan galeri elektrik'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5587237987389831552</id><published>2007-09-05T15:26:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-09-05T15:28:33.026+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Malaysia sasar sejuta tan biodiesel</title><content type='html'>BANGI: Malaysia mensasarkan pengeluaran satu juta tan biodiesel berasas sawit pada 2007 ini dengan sebahagian besar produk itu akan dieksport ke luar negara. Pada 2006 Malaysia mengeluarkan kira-kira 400,000 tan biodiesel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setiausaha Parlimen, Kementerian Perusahaan Perladangan dan Komoditi, Datuk Dr S Vijayaratnam, berkata sasaran itu berdasarkan kepada perkembangan dan anggaran pengeluaran bahan bakar bio itu menerusi lima kilang yang sudah dan akan beroperasi pada masa ini dan tidak lama lagi.” Tiga daripada kilang itu adalah usaha sama dengan Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia (MPOB) iaitu Golden Hope Plantations Bhd, Kumpulan Fima Bhd dan Carotino Sdn Bhd. Manakala dua lagi adalah Ganz Biofuel Sdn Bhd dan Vance Bioenergy Sdn Bhd. Vijayaratnam berkata, produk itu dijangka dieksport ke Eropah, China, Jepun, Korea dan Australia kerana permintaan antarabangsa ke atas biodiesel sangat tinggi terutama di Eropah dan Amerika Syarikat. “Sehingga November 2006, kerajaan sudah memberi kelulusan lesen kepada 75 syarikat tempatan dan antarabangsa untuk membina kilang dan mengeluarkan biodiesel yang membabitkan pelaburan bernilai RM7.01 bilion,” katanya pada sidang media selepas merasmikan Persidangan Biofuel Antarabangsa dan Tenaga Alternatif anjuran Institut Strategi dan Kepimpinan Asia (asli) di Kuala Lumpur baru-baru ini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beliau mewakili Timbalan Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Najib Razak. Turut hadir Pengerusi Persatuan Minyak Sawit Malaysia (MPOA), Datuk Sabri Ahmad yang dilantik mulai 1 Januari lalu dan Ketua Eksekutif Asli, Datuk Dr Michael Yeoh. Daripada jumlah pelaburan itu, kata Vijayaratnam, RM4.87 bilion atau 69 peratus adalah pelaburan tempatan, manakala baki RM2.14 bilion (21 peratus) pelaburan luar negara terutama dari Australia, Singapura, India, Itali, Amerika Syarikat dan Jepun.Terdahulu, Najib dalam ucapan yang dibaca oleh Vijayaratnam berkata, produk sawit menyumbang RM27 bilion kepada eksport negara dengan 80 peratus daripadanya digunakan sebagai pengeluaran produk makanan manakala bakinya digunakan untuk pengeluaran produk bukan makanan terutamanya dalam industri berkaitan oleokimia.“Kerajaan juga membayangkan Malaysia akan mengurangkan import petroleum diesel sebanyak 500,000 tan setahun sejajar dengan pengembangan pengeluaran produk biodiesel dalam negara.“Kerajaan meluluskan Polisi Biofuel Nasional dengan tiga matlamat utama iaitu mengeluar dan mengguna biofuel untuk sektor pengangkutan dan industri, pengeluaran biofuel untuk eksport dan pengkomersilan teknologi biofuel,” katanya. – &lt;a href="mailto:mjohari@mpob.gov.my"&gt;mjohari@mpob.gov.my&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by nurul hidayah sulong&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5587237987389831552?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5587237987389831552/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5587237987389831552' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5587237987389831552'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5587237987389831552'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/09/malaysia-sasar-sejuta-tan-biodiesel.html' title='Malaysia sasar sejuta tan biodiesel'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-8493748151959390292</id><published>2007-08-31T23:16:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-31T23:17:29.430+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Rumah bersumberkan tenaga gas hidrogen</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span id="byline"&gt;Oleh Laupa Junus (Wartawan Utusan)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Satu masa nanti, mungkin rumah kediaman akan menggunakan gas hidrogen sebagai sumber tenaga. Kecanggihan teknologi sudah membuktikannya. Persoalan yang tinggal ialah sama ada anda mampu memilikinya ataupun tidak.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Kini Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) akan memperkenalkan konsep rumah mesra teknologi itu dan menjadi kenyataan dalam beberapa bulan dari sekarang.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Ketua penyelidik projek tersebut, &lt;b&gt;Prof. Dr. Kamaruzzaman Sopian&lt;/b&gt; berkata, rumah tersebut yang dikenali sebagai Eco-Wisma Hidrogen Suria menggunakan sistem mesra alam hidrogen sebagai pembawa tenaga.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;``Dengan menggunakan sistem mesra alam gas hidrogen sebagai pembawa tenaga, air akan dipecahkan kepada hidrogen dan oksigen dengan menggunakan tenaga elektrik yang dihasilkan daripada sumber-sumber tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui seperti tenaga suria, hidro, biojisim, angin dan hidro,'' katanya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Dengan penggunaan hidrogen, bahan api fosil seperti petroleum dan gas asli boleh disimpan atau digunakan sebagai bahan mentah untuk menghasilkan pelincir, gentian dan bahan sintetik, racun serangga dan ubat-ubatan. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Menurut Kamaruzzaman, rasional penggunaan gas hidrogen sebagai pengganti sumber tenaga amat banyak.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Beliau memberitahu, pada masa ini hampir 80 peratus daripada sumber-sumber tenaga adalah daripada tenaga fosil seperti petroleum, arang batu dan gas asli. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Terdapat juga sumber tenaga daripada nuklear yang boleh digunakan dalam proses penjanaan elektrik. Selain itu, terdapat sumber tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui termasuklah tenaga suria, tenaga biojisim, tenaga angin, ombak, dan geoterma. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Bagaimanapun manusia tidak boleh terlalu bergantung kepada sumber-sumber tenaga tersebut atas pelbagai sebab.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Antaranya mendatangkan kesan sampingan yang negatif dan kedua, simpanannya semakin berkurangan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;``Pada masa ini hanya lapan negara yang mempunyai hampir 80 peratus simpanan petroleum dunia, enam negara mempunyai 70 peratus simpanan gas asli dunia dan lapan negara yang mempunyai hampir 90 peratus daripada simpanan arang batu dunia.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;``Ini menunjukkan bahawa bekalan tenaga fosil dunia hanya berada di kawasan yang terhad dan ini memerlukan kestabilan politik di kawasan tersebut untuk memastikan bekalan tidak terputus,'' tegas beliau.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Kedua, tenaga fosil ini mendatangkan pencemaran yang amat hebat. Ini disebabkan proses pembakaran yang mesti dilakukan. Pembakaran bahan api fosil menghasilkan CO2 (karbon dioksida), SO2 (sulfur dioksida) dan NOx (nitrogen oksida).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Ini merupakan bahan pencemar. Salah satu kesan adalah kesan rumah kaca, iaitu apabila CO2 menutupi ruang atas atmosfera dan menjadi seperti kaca yang memanaskan bumi pada tahap yang membimbangkan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Ini akan mengakibatkan malapetaka sejagat yang hebat dan jika tidak dibendung akan mengakibatkan krisis alam sekitar yang akan memberikan kesan negatif kepada generasi yang akan datang. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Satu lagi, adalah hujan asid yang terjadi akibat tindak balas gas hasil pembakaran dengan air hujan. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;``Oleh kerana masalah ini maka kita perlukan satu sumber tenaga mesra alam dan mapan. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;``Tenaga fosil akan habis pada masa yang dekat ini. Petroleum contohnya pada kadar pengeluaran sekarang akan kehabisan dalam masa antara 20 dan 30 tahun lagi. Gas asli dalam masa 50 tahun sahaja lagi. Ini akan mendatangkan krisis tenaga yang hebat,'' kata Kamaruzzaman.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Beliau yang juga profesor di Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanik dan Bahan, UKM berkata, penggunaan gas hidrogen merupakan satu alternatif yang akan mengelakkan atau mengurangkan masalah tersebut.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Lebih menarik, gas hidrogen boleh didapati dengan mudah iaitu menerusi pemecahan molekul air. Selain itu, hidrogen merupakan gas yang ringan dan selamat digunakan berbanding gas asli, gas asli cecair dan juga etanol.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Katanya, hidrogen juga boleh disimpan dalam bentuk gas serta boleh dihantar pada jarak yang jauh menggunakan paip gas. Justeru, beliau dan beberapa penyelidik UKM lain telah merangka satu sistem yang boleh menghasilkan gas hidrogen daripada tenaga suria.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Tenaga suria ditukarkan kepada kuasa elektrik menggunakan panel fotovolta. Kuasa elektrik tersebut kemudiannya digunakan untuk memecahkan molekul air kepada hidrogen dan oksigen.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;``Peranti yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan hidrogen ini dikenali sebagai elektroliser. Dan hidrogen yang dihasilkan akan disimpan dalam sebuah tangki storan,'' kata Kamaruzzaman.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Gas hidrogen yang disimpan itu akan digunakan untuk dapur masak, sebagai pemanas untuk menjalankan sistem penyamanan udara. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Sistem penyamanan udara ini beroperasi menggunakan sistem kitaran penyerap. Sistem ini berbeza dengan sistem penyamanan udara lazim yang menggunakan sistem mampatan wap. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Hidrogen juga digunakan untuk menghasilkan elektrik dengan peranti yang dikenali sebagai sel bahan api. Sel bahan api adalah peranti elektrokimia yang menggunakan hidrogen dan oksigen sebagai bahan mentah. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Kedua-dua aliran gas ini akan melalui lapisan elektrod dan elektrolit. Hidrogen akan melalui elektrod anod manakala oksigen pada elektrod katod dan akan menghasilkan arus elektrik. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Jika tangki hidrogen penuh dan peralatan lain tidak digunakan maka kuasa elektrik akan dihantar ke grid. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Sebuah meter akan dipasang untuk menentukan jumlah tenaga elektrik yang dihantar ke grid. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Kuasa elektrik ini akan dihantar ke grid Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia dan dapat menjimatkan penggunaan tenaga di universiti tersebut. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Justeru, kata Kamaruzzaman bagi memanfaatkan gas hidrogen tersebut, sistem rumah Eco-Wisma Hidrogen Suria iaitu kediaman masa depan mesra alam telah direka bentuk untuk menempatkan sistem penjanaan hidrogen daripada tenaga suria.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Reka bentuk rumah tersebut dibina dengan kerjasama Mohd. Hafiz Hasim dan Shah Jafar dari firma Arkitek Urbanisma Sdn. Bhd. yang telah mereka bentuk sistem rumah untuk membuktikan kecekapan dan kemampuan gas tersebut sebagai sumber tenaga.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;``Eco-Wisma ini menggabungkan beberapa ciri reka bentuk seni bina penggunaan tenaga sifar seperti pencahayaan siang, pergerakan udara pasif tanpa menggunakan kipas dan penahan sinaran,'' katanya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Rumah tersebut akan menggunakan hidrogen untuk menjalankan sepenuhnya sistem memasak, hawa dingin dan pencahayaan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Elektrik daripada sel bahan api akan digunakan untuk menjalankan sistem kitar air hujan dan peranti-peranti elektrik yang lain seperti lampu, kipas dan komputer. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Kombinasi sistem reka bentuk seni bina ini dan sistem penjanaan hidrogen ini dapat membuka jalan kepada sistem mesra alam dan mapan untuk kediaman masa depan. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Sistem ini akan beroperasi sepenuhnya pada bulan September ini.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-8493748151959390292?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/8493748151959390292/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=8493748151959390292' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8493748151959390292'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8493748151959390292'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/rumah-bersumberkan-tenaga-gas-hidrogen.html' title='Rumah bersumberkan tenaga gas hidrogen'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5236449528597298668</id><published>2007-08-31T23:12:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-31T23:14:26.046+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Teknologi bahan api logam lawan hidrogen</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span id="byline"&gt;Oleh AZMAN ANUAR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;(Wartawan Utusan)&lt;br /&gt;LOGAM zink, magnesium dan aluminium yang selama ini dianggap bukan pengalir terbaik, sebenarnya mampu memberi sumber tenaga baru kepada kehidupan manusia pada masa akan datang. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Revolusi industri memberi kepada manusia warisan pencemaran bahan api daripada arang batu hingga penggunaan gas dan minyak. Memang sejak berdekad lamanya, selepas arang batu - minyak dan gas adalah sumber tenaga dan bahan api kepada manusia. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Namun sampai bila manusia perlu bergantung pada bahan api yang semakin berkurangan itu? &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Ada pihak yang berpendapat sumber tenaga masa depan ialah hidrogen. Ini kerana ia boleh dihasilkan dengan mudah dan dikatakan sebagai pilihan bagi mengganti tempat minyak, gas dan arang batu. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Tetapi syarikat penyelidikan dan pembangunan (R&amp;D) yang bertapak di Cyberjaya, InventQjaya Sdn. Bhd. telah mereka cipta sumber bahan api baru yang lebih selamat daripada hidrogen.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;``Kami berfikiran berlainan. Bahan api untuk masa depan ialah magnesium, zink dan aluminium,'' kata Presiden dan Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif InventQjaya, Dr. Sadeg Mustafa Faris kepada peserta seminar Teknologi Masa Depan di Persidangan dan Pameran Elektrik Asia Barat, Dubai, 15 Februari lalu.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Berbanding dengan tenaga hidrogen, ia mudah terbakar dan kosnya amat tinggi untuk dihasilkan. Ia perlu disimpan pada tempat yang selamat. Hambatan ini menjadi isu apabila orang terlepas perhatian ketika melabur dalam teknologi tenaga hidrogen.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Untuk mengatasi masalah ini InventQjaya mampu mengubah cabaran ini dengan menggunakan teknologi bahan api logam berasaskan aluminium, zink dan magnesium.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Satu lagi masalah ialah kos. Komponen bahan api logam hanya menggunakan oksigen dari udara untuk hidrosidakan gelung dawai. Komponen ini juga menggunakan bahan yang murah. Dengan ini kita boleh bayangkan generator ini boleh diagih dan digunakan oleh semua orang. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Sadeg menjangkakan sumber tenaga logam ini akan diterima oleh pengguna apabila ia dapat dikeluarkan secara komersial dalam tempoh 10-12 tahun lagi. Beliau yakin generasi akan datang akan sedar keperluan sumber tenaga yang tidak berbahaya dan selamat.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Apabila penggunaan bahan api yang digunakan masa kini mencemarkan alam sekitar dan mempunyai risiko jika berlaku kebocoran, maka manusia `berperang' untuk mencari bahan api yang lebih selamat.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Inilah penyelesaian tenaga melalui inovatif InventQjaya yang melakukan revolusi bahan api logam.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Sumber tenaga biasa bergantung pada bahan api gas, minyak, arang batu dan lain. Lazimnya proses mendapatkan tenaga daripada bahan api normal adalah melalui tenaga air, tenaga turbin, tenaga mekanik dan kemudian baru kita mendapat tenaga elektrik dan tenaga cahaya. Jadi setiap hari semakin banyak penggunaan, kian banyak manusia kehilangan sumber tenaga.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Untuk itu, InventQjaya menerokai teknologi bahan api baru yang boleh menjimatkan beratus bilion ringgit. Bayangkan betapa banyak pembaziran dilakukan untuk mendapat tenaga daripada gas dan minyak. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Manusia tidak perlu lagi menghasilkan tenaga menggunakan banyak perantara yang menyebabkan banyak tenaga hilang ketika melalui proses penghantaran tenaga. Cara mudah ialah melalui teknologi InventQjaya yang dapat terus menghasilkan tenaga tanpa perantaraan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Keistimewaan sumber tenaga baru daripada logam ini ialah ia tidak menjadi punca pencemaran sebaliknya lebih mesra alam dan pelbagai guna. Malah aluminium terbuang juga boleh digunakan untuk menghasilkan tenaga.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Potensi bahan api logam sebagai bahan api baru dibuktikan oleh Sadeg melalui uji kaji mudah. Dengan menggunakan kepingan aluminium pembalut makanan yang disambungkan dengan dawai pengalir kepada kad membran pertukaran hidrosida yang dipanggil generator, 12 motor kipas dapat berputar dengan baik. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Menurut Sadeg, tenaga elektrik itu diperoleh daripada aluminium dan udara yang bertindak sebagai oksida. Uji kaji itu juga dilakukan pada tin minuman diperbuat daripada aluminium.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Teknologi kuasa kad membran ini hanya diketahui ciptaannya oleh InventQjaya. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;InventQjaya, syarikat penyelidikan sains dan teknologi yakin sumber tenaga masa depan manusia akan bergantung pada bahan api tidak mudah terbakar. Jika bahan api ini dikomersialkan, mungkin penggunaan petroleum dan gas boleh dikurangkan dan penggunaan bahan api logam yang dicipta oleh InventQjaya mampu membantu keperluan sumber tenaga akan datang.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Ini kerana bahan api logam ini berasaskan logam dan udara. Malah alat yang dipanggil `generator kecil' oleh Sadeg dilihat seperti sebuah bateri menggunakan hanya zink dan udara. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Bateri InventQjaya EPM 100 ini boleh dicaj semula dan diisi semula bahan apinya, dan tenaganya boleh disimpan. Proses untuk mengisi semula bahan api hanya mengambil masa sepantas lima saat. Ia mesra alam.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Kegunaan bahan api bateri zink-udara ini bertindak sebagai tenaga bantuan dan pengalir elektrik. Bahan asasnya ialah ia mempunyai katod, bahan api logam dan elektrolit. Tiada limit penggunaannya. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Generator itu sesuai untuk kegunaan di rumah terutama kawasan di luar bandar yang ketinggalan bekalan elektrik atau digunakan sebagai sumber tenaga bantuan sewaktu kecemasan. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Begitu juga satu lagi bahan api ciptaan InventQjaya yang menggunakan logam magnesium. Penggunaannya mudah, plat magnesium dicampur air garam untuk proses mengecaj, kemudian ia sudah sedia memberi bekalan elektrik berkuasa 2 watt. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Jika tidak digunakan, plat magnesium perlu dikeluarkan untuk dibersihkan. Jika ingin menggunakannya semula, masukkan air garam untuk mengoksidakan magnesium, kemudian ia sedia untuk memberi tenaga elektrik.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Bagi generator bersaiz 150 watt ia mampu membekalkan tenaga untuk tempoh tujuh hari bagi kegunaan lampu untuk tiga hingga empat jam dalam sehari. Oleh sebab ia sesuai untuk pengguna di kawasan luar bandar maka bekalan ini mencukupi untuk penyalaan lampu selama satu minggu.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Bukti masa depan bahan api logam kini tidak wajar dipertikaikan apabila InventQjaya mencipta kereta pertama dunia menggunakan elektrik yang dijana oleh kuasa bateri nikel-zink yang diberi nama MeVictory.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Penggunaan bahan api logam adalah mudah, apabila tenaganya habis, ia boleh dikeluarkan dan ditambah caj.  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Sadeg yakin jika teknologi ciptaan InventQjaya yang diusahakan rata-rata saintis muda Malaysia diterima oleh dunia, manusia tidak perlu lagi mencari gali petroleum atau membina empangan hidro untuk mendapat bekalan tenaga elektrik.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Oleh itu harapan untuk generasi abad ke-21 mendapat agihan tenaga secara merata akan tercapai. Dengan demikian, pada masa depan saiz janakuasa elektrik akan bertambah kecil. Tidak perlu lagi janakuasa yang mencemarkan alam, bising dan tidak selamat.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Hasil revolusi sumber tenaga ciptaan InventQjaya, ia lebih sesuai dan praktikal, malah tidak timbul masalah bergelap apabila berlaku terputus bekalan elektrik.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;By : Izzatul Husna Mat Noh&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5236449528597298668?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5236449528597298668/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5236449528597298668' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5236449528597298668'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5236449528597298668'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/teknologi-bahan-api-logam-lawan.html' title='Teknologi bahan api logam lawan hidrogen'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5602518171426004613</id><published>2007-08-31T23:08:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-31T23:10:26.157+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Tiga loji biodiesel MPOB dijangka bernilai RM120j</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;KUALA LUMPUR 6 Dis. - Cadangan pembinaan tiga buah loji biodiesel oleh Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia (MPOB) dengan tiga buah syarikat tempatan tidak lama lagi, dijangka melibatkan kos pelaburan RM120 juta.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Menteri Perusahaan Perladangan dan Komoditi, Datuk Peter Chin Fah Kui berkata, tarikh sebenar bagi perlaksanaan itu masih belum ditetapkan dan tiga syarikat itu telah diberikan lesen untuk mengendalikannya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Fah Kui berkata, setiap loji biodiesel itu mampu menghasilkan 60,000 tan minyak biodiesel setahun.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Beliau berkata, cadangan mengadakan tiga loji itu akan menjadikan jumlah keseluruhan loji yang dicadangkan pembinaannya kepada sembilan buah.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Katanya, penubuhan kesemua loji itu penting bagi negara untuk memenuhi keperluan eksport ke pasaran dunia dan berharap ia dapat mengurangkan penggantungan kepada minyak mentah.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Fah Kui berkata, pembinaan loji itu adalah salah satu inisiatif negara dalam menampung permintaan industri bahan api bio yang semakin meningkat terutamanya di Jerman, Itali, Turki, Korea Selatan dan India.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;``Permintaan sejagat bagi biodiesel dijangka mencapai kepada 10.5 juta tan dalam beberapa tahun akan datang dan Malaysia berpotensi untuk 10 peratus daripada pasaran itu,'' katanya pada sidang akhbar sempena Simposium Biodiesel di sini hari ini.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Majlis itu adalah anjuran Dewan Perniagaan dan Industri Malaysia-Jerman (MGCC) bersama Agensi Tenaga Jerman dalam usaha membawa tenaga pakar tenaga dan biodiesel Jerman ke Malaysia bagi tujuan perkongsian kemahiran, pengalaman serta teknologi biodiesel kepada kedua-dua negara.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Fah Kui berkata, penambahan loji itu dijangka mampu menjadi satu alternatif kepada pemberian subsidi yang diberi oleh kerajaan jika harga minyak terus meningkat.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Katanya, negara memerlukan satu penyelesaian jangka panjang, yang mana mampu untuk menukarkan bahan keperluan kita kepada sektor yang memerlukan, serta menstabilkan perjalanan ekonomi negara pada masa depan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;Katanya lagi, loji itu akan merancakkan pertumbuhan industri biodiesel di Malaysia, bagi menggantikan petroleum dan meningkatkan eksport negara.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: times new roman;"&gt;by : Izzatul Husna Mat Noh&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5602518171426004613?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5602518171426004613/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5602518171426004613' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5602518171426004613'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5602518171426004613'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/tiga-loji-biodiesel-mpob-dijangka.html' title='Tiga loji biodiesel MPOB dijangka bernilai RM120j'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5527311118254150168</id><published>2007-08-31T23:01:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-31T23:05:01.043+08:00</updated><title type='text'>REKA BANGUNAN JIMAT TENAGA</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;&lt;span id="byline"&gt;Oleh Habibah Omar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;PUTRAJAYA 28 Jun – Pembinaan bangunan baru kerajaan perlu dilengkapi dengan sistem penggunaan tenaga yang cekap bagi memastikan pembangunannya dapat mengurangkan kesan negatif terhadap alam sekitar.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;Menteri Tenaga, Air dan Komunikasi, Datuk Seri Dr. Lim Keng Yaik berkata, untuk itu Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) dan agensi kerajaan yang berkaitan perlu menerapkan aspek tersebut dalam reka bentuk bangunan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;Katanya, ia selaras dengan pengumuman Perdana Menteri ketika membentangkan bajet tahun lalu agar bangunan kerajaan dapat mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga sebanyak 10 peratus. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;“Setakat ini saya belum melihat sebarang usaha dijalankan untuk mencapai matlamat berkenaan (mengurangkan tenaga sebanyak 10 peratus).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;“Saya harap jabatan kerajaan, JKR dan Putrajaya Holdings mempertimbangkan apa yang diperkatakan oleh Perdana Menteri pada bulan Oktober tahun lalu.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;“Peranti penjimatan tenaga boleh dibeli dan ditambah kepada sistem di mana-mana bangunan untuk menjimatkan tenaga,” katanya kepada pemberita di sini, hari ini.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;Beliau berkata demikian selepas Majlis Pecah Tanah Bangunan Suruhanjaya Tenaga di Presint 2 di sini hari ini.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;Bangunan itu dijangka siap pada 2009 dengan menggunakan beberapa pendekatan cekap tenaga akan diambil, antara dengan mengoptimumkan arah bangunan, memaksimumkan pembauran cahaya siang, penggunaan lampu dengan kecekapan tinggi serta pemasangan sistem penyejuk cekap tenaga.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;Mengulas lanjut, Keng Yaik berkata, ketika ini pihaknya sedang mengadakan audit tenaga ke atas tujuh bangunan kerajaan termasuk JKR, Unit Perancangan Ekonomi (EPU), Hospital Selayang serta Kem Tentera di Jalan Ipoh berhubung kecekapan tenaga.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;Audit tenaga itu dikendalikan oleh Timbalan Ketua Setiausaha II kementerian berkenaan, Loo Took Gee.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;Sementara itu, ketika ditanya sama ada beliau akan bertanding dalam pilihan raya umum akan datang, Keng Yaik memberitahu beliau tidak akan bertanding.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;“Saya kena merancang untuk tenaga elektrik. Saya mempunyai 10 tahun untuk merancang. Saya merancang sekarang tapi pelaksanaan dalam 10 tahun akan datang.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;“Mana ada masa, tapi saya tidak akan bertanding dalam pilihan raya umum akan datang,” katanya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;Sementara itu Took Gee berkata, audit tenaga itu dijangka siap pada September ini dan laporan mengenainya akan dibentangkan ke Kabinet untuk membolehkan bangunan-bangunan kerajaan dibina dengan menggunakan sistem penggunaan tenaga yang cekap.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: times new roman; color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;“Kita akan cadangkan pada kerajaan supaya di masa depan bila bina bangunan, aspek penjimatan tenaga dapat dijalankan kerana selama ini ia tidak dipandang serius disebabkan kadar elektrik yang rendah,” katanya.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 0);"&gt;Post by : Izzatul husna mat noh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5527311118254150168?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5527311118254150168/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5527311118254150168' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5527311118254150168'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5527311118254150168'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/reka-bangunan-jimat-tenaga.html' title='REKA BANGUNAN JIMAT TENAGA'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-4278501463934836285</id><published>2007-08-29T18:31:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-29T18:35:22.871+08:00</updated><title type='text'>United Nuclear: Hydrogen Fuel System Kit</title><content type='html'>The following report was prepared by NEC member, &lt;a title="Congress:Member:Gary Vesperman" href="http://peswiki.com/index.php/Congress:Member:Gary_Vesperman"&gt;Gary Vesperman&lt;/a&gt;, as part of his documentation series on &lt;a title="Directory:Suppression" href="http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:Suppression"&gt;suppressed energy inventions&lt;/a&gt;. It was posted here at PESWiki on Aug. 28, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Overview&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The United Nuclear Hydrogen Fuel System Kit converts late-model fuel-injected gasoline-powered vehicles to run on hydrogen. In addition to specific complete kits that are planned to soon be available for specific late-model cars and trucks, individual system components will be available for those who choose to assemble their own kits.&lt;br /&gt;Included in the kits (and also available separately) is the company’s either solar or wind turbine-powered hydrogen generator that remains in the vehicle owner’s garage. The hydrogen generator manufactures the hydrogen fuel for the vehicle at virtually zero cost. Simply put, the vehicle’s owner never would have to buy gasoline again. Since there are no major changes made to the engine, a converted vehicle can still run on gasoline at any time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hydrogen Power&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Powering a vehicle by hydrogen is by no means a new idea; and in fact, almost all automobile manufacturers are currently developing a new generation of vehicles that run on hydrogen as opposed to gasoline. This new generation of vehicles essentially comprises of electric cars that use fuel cell instead of batteries to run the electric motor. Using a chemical process, fuel cells in these new vehicles convert the stored hydrogen on board, and the oxygen in the air, directly into electricity to power their electric motors. These new hydrogen powered electric vehicles are very efficient, and in fact are more efficient than any internal combustion engine. The problem is that these new vehicles are years away from production, are very expensive, and converting to using hydrogen fuel in this manner requires the purchase of a new (and expensive) vehicle. All hydrogen/fuel cell systems currently under development by large manufacturers require the purchase of hydrogen as would be for gasoline.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How it Works&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The United Nuclear Hydrogen Fuel System Kit is an intermediate approach that simply converts existing vehicles to burn hydrogen or gasoline. The stock gasoline fuel injection system remains intact and is not modified in any way. It is shut down while the hydrogen fuel system is activated.&lt;br /&gt;The hydrogen gas is precisely metered into the air intake of the engine while the exhaust gasses are continuously analyzed for correct burn ratio. This allows the driver to switch between running on gasoline or hydrogen at any time. The engine itself is only slightly modified. The conversion makes substantial changes to the computer &amp; electrical system, ignition and cooling systems. Since they never have to be removed, hydrogen fuel storage (hydride tanks) can be installed in virtually any available space within the vehicle.&lt;br /&gt;Due to the fact that hydrogen gas burns so much faster than gasoline, engines with compression ratios greater than 9.5 to 1 are very susceptible to damaging pre-detonation (engine knock). For this reason, hydrogen conversions are not recommended for vehicles with turbochargers, superchargers, or compression ratios greater than 9.5 to 1. Also, because of the higher compression, different ignition system, and host of other factors, the Hydrogen Fuel System will not work on diesel engines.&lt;br /&gt;The company’s hydrogen generator produces hydrogen from electricity. The electricity can be common "household current". If the electricity is produced directly from solar power or wind power, the energy cost is zero. Electricity can be produced by Neil Schmidt’s hydraulic wind turbine, or by a number of other wind generators such as Number 47 of &lt;a class="external" href="http://iiic.de/4643.html" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://iiic.de/4643.html&lt;/a&gt; which is a combined solar/wind electricity generator.&lt;br /&gt;The most productive solar photo-voltaic cell seems to be the Soviet-developed high-efficiency crystal lattice solar photo-voltaic cells.&lt;br /&gt;Las Vegas inventor Jeff Prescott invented a method of generating hydrogen by concentrating solar rays to heat pure iron in the presence of water. The iron oxide byproduct can be sold for paint and other uses. Questions remain as to the overall energy efficiency of his process, particularly in regard to refining and transporting the pure iron.&lt;br /&gt;It does, however, take a substantial amount of time to produce sufficient hydrogen to fill even a small tank. As an example, it takes over 2 days of the company’s hydrogen generator running at full power, 24 hours a day, to fill its smallest "short range" tank.&lt;br /&gt;The tanks are filled with granulated hydrides which absorb hydrogen like a sponge absorbs water. Hydrogen is pressurized into the material. Hydrides have many advantages over ultra-cold liquid or pressurized gaseous hydrogen. One is that the density of the hydrogen stored in the hydride can be GREATER than that of ultra-cold liquid hydrogen. This translates directly into smaller and fewer storage tanks.&lt;br /&gt;Once the hydride is "charged" with hydrogen, the hydrogen becomes chemically bonded to the hydride. Even opening the tank, or cutting it in half will not release the hydrogen gas. In addition, if incendiary bullets are fired through the tank, the hydride would only smolder like a cigarette. It is in fact, a safer storage system than a gasoline tank.&lt;br /&gt;Then how do you get the hydrogen back out? To release the hydrogen gas from the hydride, it simply needs to be heated. This is either done electrically, using the waste exhaust heat, or using the waste radiator coolant heat.&lt;br /&gt;The company’s Hydrogen Fuel System kits heat the hydride tanks electrically. As soon at the hydride is sufficiently warm, hydrogen is released from the tanks, and the on-board computer detects the presence of hydrogen pressure. The fuel system remains in "Hydrogen" mode until the tank pressure begins to drop. If the tanks run out of hydrogen, the engine will seamlessly switch over to gasoline, which enables the car to run conventionally until the hydrogen tanks are refilled at zero cost.&lt;br /&gt;Using hydrogen, the only exhaust products produced are water vapor and a tiny amount of nitrogen oxides. It's about as clean burning as you can get.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To Market&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;United Nuclear's first prototype was a 1994 Chevrolet Corvette that was converted to run on hydrogen. Using the Extended Range kit (2 sets of tanks), the driving range is over 650 miles per fill. As the hydrogen gas is produced using the company-furnished solar-powered hydrogen generator, the resulting fuel cost is near zero.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;United Nuclear now has accumulated over 50,000 trouble-free miles on their prototype vehicles. They are currently fleet-testing their systems and are in final preparation for sales to the general public. They will fully guarantee and stand behind all their products and workmanship. Their conversion kits will initially sell for $7,000 to $10,000 each.&lt;br /&gt;United Nuclear has developed every aspect of its Hydrogen Fuel System on their own, using their own funds and not a dime of federal tax money. They do not sell stock, and do not need investors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Suppression&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Not unexpectedly, the corrupt U.S. Government has swooped in by utilizing its Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as a means of suppressing the pending commercial sale of United Nuclear’s Hydrogen Fuel System Kit by confiscating the necessary chemicals used in this system from public use – possibly basing its action on false premises.&lt;br /&gt;Currently, the CPSC is focusing on common chemical oxidizers such as perchlorate compounds, nitrate compounds, permanganate compounds, chlorate compounds, etc., along with a wide variety of other common chemicals and metals such as sulfur, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, zinc, magnailim, benzoate compounds, salicylate compounds, antimony and antimony compounds, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The CPSC now claims that this action is to stop the manufacture by United Nuclear of illegal explosive fireworks. If their true intention is to attempt to curtail the construction of these devices, there are only two chemicals which should be of concern: potassium perchlorate and German aluminum.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For those unfamiliar with exploding fireworks, they are all made from one material: flash powder. Flash powder is a mixture of potassium perchlorate, and a special ultra-fine aluminum powder known as German aluminum. These have been the only 2 chemicals used in the manufacture of every single exploding firework from firecrackers to M-80s from the 1960s to present times.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;United Nuclear’s Hydrogen Fuel System Kit is not yet available for sale. There are legal problems with several components of the unit which is preventing its sale. Until the legal proceedings are complete, the company won't be moving forward with the system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BY NURUL HIDAYAH BINTI SULONG&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-4278501463934836285?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/4278501463934836285/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=4278501463934836285' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/4278501463934836285'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/4278501463934836285'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/united-nuclear-hydrogen-fuel-system-kit.html' title='United Nuclear: Hydrogen Fuel System Kit'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5423181712579687374</id><published>2007-08-29T18:26:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-29T18:29:36.173+08:00</updated><title type='text'>GM Unveils an Advanced Combustion Engine that Reduces Fuel Use</title><content type='html'>General Motors Corporation (GM) has integrated a prototype advanced combustion engine into two drivable concept cars, a 2007 Saturn Aura and its European sibling, the Opel Vectra. The prototype GM engine uses homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), a combustion technology in which the gasoline is pre-mixed with air, as in spark-ignition engines, but the engine combusts the mixture using compression, like a diesel engine. HCCI engines operate at lower temperatures than conventional gasoline engines, allowing them to achieve high efficiency and low emissions. The two concept cars feature 2.2-liter, four-cylinder HCCI engines that burn up to 15% less fuel while meeting current emissions standards.&lt;br /&gt;HCCI engines have been under development for years, but they have an Achilles' heel: the timing of the combustion process is difficult to control. The GM prototype accommodates that timing problem at low speeds and under low loads through several advanced engine control technologies, including cylinder pressure sensing and variable valve timing. The engine employs traditional spark ignition when it is started cold, then switches to the HCCI mode once it warms up. Under load and at speeds greater than 55 miles per hour, the engine switches back to spark ignition. GM admits that the transition is "notable" in its prototypes, but the company believes such problems can be ironed out in future production engines. See the &lt;a href="http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewmonthlyreleasedetail.do?domain=74&amp;docid=38736"&gt;GM press release&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Coincidentally, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) are working with Ford Motor Company on a very similar HCCI engine. Like the GM prototype, MIT's engine switches between spark ignition and HCCI, but the MIT engine has only been operated under test conditions, not in an actual vehicle. However, the researchers have simulated urban driving conditions and have found that the engine would run in HCCI mode about 40% of the time, yielding a fuel economy improvement of "a few miles per gallon." See the &lt;a href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/engine-0723.html"&gt;MIT press release&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;by NURUL HIDAYAH SULONG&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5423181712579687374?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5423181712579687374/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5423181712579687374' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5423181712579687374'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5423181712579687374'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/gm-unveils-advanced-combustion-engine.html' title='GM Unveils an Advanced Combustion Engine that Reduces Fuel Use'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-3549477928438347409</id><published>2007-08-26T16:57:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-26T17:09:21.496+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Wind power</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41097000/jpg/_41097396_wind.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41097000/jpg/_41097396_wind.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is it?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Modern windmills, called wind turbines, turn wind energy into electricity. If the turbines are in a group it's called a wind farm. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Strengths&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;This is a renewable energy source, that's because we will never run out of wind. The price of wind energy is stable; it doesn't go up and down like the price of coal or oil. The UK gets lots of wind, in fact some experts say we have the best wind resources in Europe. Once built the turbines do not produce air pollution or greenhouse gasses. They are also quick to build. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Weaknesses&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;There is some local opposition and concern about noise and impact on landscape. Wind is more expensive than fossil fuels and wind levels fluctuate. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The future&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Wind power is the fastest growing renewable nergy source in the UK. It has lots of government support and is seen as they key to reaching the target of 20% renewable electricity by 2020. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;* Based on Department of Trade and Industry 2004/2005 figures. The exact proportions change seasonally. (post by Rosehanizar Mohd Radzi)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-3549477928438347409?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/3549477928438347409/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=3549477928438347409' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/3549477928438347409'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/3549477928438347409'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/wind-power.html' title='Wind power'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-8113133672110396288</id><published>2007-08-25T12:34:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-25T12:39:04.952+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Develop renewable energy to generate long-term energy needs</title><content type='html'>KUALA LUMPUR Oct 28 - Energy, Water and Communications Minister, Datuk Seri Dr Lim Keng Yaik, said that Renewable Energy (RE) could be developed further in Malaysia to generate long-term energy needs, including electricity supply.&lt;br /&gt;However, he said that problem might crop up in terms of pricing, like at what price could RE developers sell their energy to Tenaga Nasional Bhd (TNB).&lt;br /&gt;Dr Lim said that anything new, such as RE, must be expensive, and that TNB might refuse to take anything above what they could afford.&lt;br /&gt;"We have to work out the incentives, to give a higher selling price to the RE sources," he told reporters after opening the Renewable Energy Symposium organised by the Malaysian-German Chamber of Commerce and Industry here Thursday.&lt;br /&gt;"We must have Renewable Energy Power Purchase Agreement (REPPA), and a standard one for that matter," he said.&lt;br /&gt;Earlier in his speech, Dr Lim said that perhaps it was timely for TNB in particular, to take a more supportive role, by ensuring that the REPPA be quickly concluded with all RE developers approved by the ministry under the Small Renewable Energy Project (SREP) programme.&lt;br /&gt;He said that presently, only about 12 percent of the total RE projects approved, have already concluded their REPPA with TNB.&lt;br /&gt;Dr Lim believed that the electricity generated from renewable sources should be given special tariff consideration by TNB to ensure that RE projects are viable and also attractive to potential financiers.&lt;br /&gt;He said that the normal average buying of electricity for independent power purchasers (IPPs) is roughly 13.5 sen to 14 sen per kilowatt/hour.&lt;br /&gt;"Small Renewable Energy Project (SREP), as far as I understand, cannot pull down their cost to below 17 sen," he said.&lt;br /&gt;"It is a matter of trying to work out the prices. But we may have to find slightly higher sales price in order to attract investment in this," he said.&lt;br /&gt;Dr Lim said that as more people use and produce RE, the price of RE and the machineries to develop it would also come down.&lt;br /&gt;He also said that financial institutions play an important role in renewable energy development, as prospective developers must seek out substantial loans besides equity to fund their projects.&lt;br /&gt;"If they have to borrow funds on a year-to-year basis, and there is no availability of long-term low-cost funds, it will deter them from developing RE," he said.&lt;br /&gt;He said that the lack of awareness among commercial financial institutions on benefits of RE and also the absence of viable demonstration projects in the country are some of the reasons why RE developers are facing funding problems.&lt;br /&gt;Dr Lim said that the central bank could also play an important role in reforming the capital market to be oriented towards environmental projects.&lt;br /&gt;He said that developing RE now is timely, as it is not only to protect the environment, but also to counter the negative effect of rising oil prices.&lt;br /&gt;Under the Five Fuel Policy, Dr Lim said that RE as well as energy efficiency has been identified as important resources for the country's fuel mix together with oil, natural gas, coal and hydro.&lt;br /&gt;"There is a lot of potential at all the palm oil mills, where all the empty fruit bunches are, which could be turned into RE," he said.&lt;br /&gt;"Instead of sending the empty fruit bunches back to the estates, they should turn it into energy for electricity, but it is all a matter of costing," he added.&lt;br /&gt;Dr Lim also said that Malaysia has to find more hydro sources as hydro sources in the Peninsular are limited to Terengganu and perhaps Pahang.&lt;br /&gt;There is big potential for hydro resources in Sarawak, citing the Sungai Rejang capability to generate 20,000 megawatts of electricity, he said.&lt;br /&gt;"We have to generate the popularity of these resouces, not only as an alternative resources of energy, but to also develop energy saving," he said.(by Rosehanizar Mohd Radzi)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-8113133672110396288?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/8113133672110396288/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=8113133672110396288' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8113133672110396288'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8113133672110396288'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/develop-renewable-energy-to-generate.html' title='Develop renewable energy to generate long-term energy needs'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-6206496007236303317</id><published>2007-08-25T12:25:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-25T12:29:07.922+08:00</updated><title type='text'>The biomass way for new energy, cleaner environment</title><content type='html'>KUALA LUMPUR - The much-touted biomass, an inevitable organic waste which can be converted into energy and other commercial products, has yet to make any significant contribution to a cleaner environment in the country.&lt;br /&gt;And in the meantime, the tonnes upon tonnes of biowaste from the country's 3.6 million hectares of oil palm - fronds, trunks and empty fruit bunches - are going to waste, adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and hastening the feared "greenhouse" effect.&lt;br /&gt;Director-General of Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) Datuk Dr Yusof Basiron said any burning of the oil palm waste would release carbon dioxide into the air.&lt;br /&gt;But if the waste are converted into biomass and tapped as an energy source, the level of carbon in the atmosphere would be maintained if not reduced.&lt;br /&gt;This is the opposite of fossil fuel sources which can only add more of the gas to hasten the greenhouse effect, he explained.&lt;br /&gt;In the Malaysian context, the main supply of biomass is the oil palm plantation covering an area of 3.6 million hectares, producing over 35 million tonnes of biomass in the form of trunks, fronds and empty fruit bunches (EFB) a year.&lt;br /&gt;During the replanting, the trees yield some 25 million tonnes of the trunks annually.&lt;br /&gt;The current practice of disposing the oil palm waste is to dump them back to the field or to burn them - both ways give a negative impact on the environment.&lt;br /&gt;With this in mind, Dr Yusof said the government had come up with the idea of producing five percent of the country's energy in 2005 from biomass, specifically oil palm waste.&lt;br /&gt;"We don't want to over-exploit fossil fuel, but start using the available raw material and renewable resource," he said, while admitting that it is a big challenge to the government to get the people to use less fossil fuels.&lt;br /&gt;This is because Malaysia has a lot of raw materials and energy sources such as petroleum, gas, timber and rubberwood, which put a brake on the use of oil palm biomass.&lt;br /&gt;"People are still comfortable with the current raw material availability from other sources," he explained.&lt;br /&gt;Dr Yusof said the importance of oil palm biomass would emerge when the shift in raw material supply takes place.&lt;br /&gt;"Rubberwood which is the main source now is depleting, so the shift would be towards oil palm biomass. This natural shift would take some time to occur. This is the reason why we want the industry to respond very fast and start commercial exploitation as soon as possible, and not wait for the natural shift," he said.&lt;br /&gt;He said the fact that the government had outlawed the open burning of oil palm waste is a clear message to the industry players to find a profitable use of the waste.&lt;br /&gt;It is up to the industry to maximise revenue by making the biomass in the most efficient and profitable way, he said.&lt;br /&gt;Noting that necessity in the mother of all inventions, he said the low prices of palm oil and lack of income would drive the industry to go for the greater use of oil palm biomass.&lt;br /&gt;He said incentives like rebates, tax exemption and regulations would also induce all sectors, especially big industry players, to employ environment-friendly energy use.&lt;br /&gt;Dr Yusof felt that there is no need for other organic waste when the oil palm sector is the main source of biomass. "It has excess amounts (of biomass) and that should be exploited right now," he argued.&lt;br /&gt;The industry, he said, had to work out on the logistics factor in such a way there would be minimum transporting cost of raw material and finished products.&lt;br /&gt;"The raw materials should be also transported with great efficiency, meaning that they should not transport very crude kind of raw materials because they contain a lot of water," he said.&lt;br /&gt;So, there must be a scheme to allow each mill to have a pre-processing facility to dry the fiber and compact it before it is marketed, said Dr Yusof.&lt;br /&gt;As for funding of these projects, he said a lot of banks such as Bank Industri and even the commercial banks would look at the viability of a project before giving the financial backing.&lt;br /&gt;As far as biomass is concerned, he said it is something very new and the banks need to be fully exposed, especially on the potentials of the industry.&lt;br /&gt;To make things click, he said MPOB had invested RM20 million to RM30 million (on R&amp;D work) in the last 20 years.&lt;br /&gt;MPOB had also been very aggressive to make the biomass industry a success, and had staged various seminars to unfold the potentials of the industry for the players and the banks.&lt;br /&gt;Recently, MPOB jointly organised a two-day seminar on "Oil Palm Biomass: Opportunities for Commercialisation" with Faunhofer Liaison Office, Malaysia and The Chamber of Commerce, Hannover Hildersheim, Lower Saxonia, Germany.&lt;br /&gt;MPOB, he said, has also established a medium density fiberboard (MDF) pilot plant to undertake development work with the objective of gradually replacing rubberwood as a major material for MDF and improving the quality of the MDF produced.&lt;br /&gt;"We are there to help the companies that have problems in shifting from rubberwood to oil palm fibers," he added. - Bernama (by Rosehanizar Mohd Radzi &amp;amp; Noor Sakinah Che Wang)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-6206496007236303317?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/6206496007236303317/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=6206496007236303317' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6206496007236303317'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6206496007236303317'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/biomass-way-for-new-energy-cleaner_25.html' title='The biomass way for new energy, cleaner environment'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-7972702862430808693</id><published>2007-08-24T16:15:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-24T16:25:26.913+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Suria sumber tenaga masa depan</title><content type='html'>KEPESATAN pembangunan industri sesungguhnya memerlukan penggunaan tenaga elektrik yang banyak tanpa mengira dari mana sumber tenaga tersebut datang.&lt;br /&gt;Malangnya, dunia terlalu banyak bergantung kepada sumber daripada fosil seperti arang batu, petroleum dan gas asli untuk menjana elektrik, selain tenaga nuklear yang akan habis satu hari nanti.&lt;br /&gt;Tenaga nuklear boleh dijadikan sumber tenaga untuk menjana elektrik tetapi kebimbangan masyarakat dunia berhubung kemalangan yang berlaku di loji nuklear Three Miles Island, Amerika Syarikat dan Chernobyl, Rusia menyebabkan penggunaan sumber tenaga itu dikhuatiri akan mencemarkan dunia dengan sinaran nuklear, sekiranya berlaku kemalangan.&lt;br /&gt;Sumber tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui seperti tenaga suria, biojisim, angin, geoterma dan ombak merupakan alternatif terbaik kerana sumber tenaganya adalah berkekalan, tidak mencemarkan alam, tidak dipengaruhi politik antarabangsa dan boleh diperoleh secara setempat (tidak perlu diimport).&lt;br /&gt;Namun begitu, manusia tidak boleh terlalu bergantung kepada sumber-sumber tenaga tersebut atas pelbagai sebab.&lt;br /&gt;Menurut pakar penyelidik tenaga suria dari Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Prof. Dr. Mohd. Yusof Othman, keperluan dan penggunaan tenaga pada masa ini perlu mengambil kira tiga faktor utama iaitu:&lt;br /&gt;1) Dapat memberikan tenaga yang secukupnya dalam pembangunan negara.&lt;br /&gt;2) Terus memberikan sumbangan kepada sektor ekonomi.&lt;br /&gt;3) Penjanaannya mestilah tidak memberikan kesan negatif kepada alam sekitar.&lt;br /&gt;``Kita tidak boleh selama-lamanya berharapkan kepada sumber tenaga fosil seperti arang batu dan minyak kerana ia akan kehabisan dan boleh terjejas sekiranya berlaku peperangan dan masalah politik,'' katanya.&lt;br /&gt;Pada masa yang sama, sumber tenaga ini mengambil masa terlalu lama untuk dihasilkan secara semula jadi, manakala pembakaran pula akan menghasilkan tenaga sampingan yang mencemarkan alam sekitar seperti pembuangan ke udara gas karbon dioksida, gas nitrik dan sulfur yang menyumbang kepada fenomena rumah hijau.&lt;br /&gt;Pembinaan empangan hidroelektrik pula memerlukan perbelanjaan yang besar dan juga boleh mengubah ekosistem setempat.&lt;br /&gt;Sekiranya tidak dilaksanakan secara berhati-hati dan perancangan rapi, projek seumpama ini boleh menjejaskan alam sekitar dalam jangka panjang.&lt;br /&gt;Satu daripada inisiatif manusia untuk mencari alternatif sumber tenaga kekal ialah melalui teknologi fotovoltaik.&lt;br /&gt;Tenaga fotovoltaik merujuk kepada penjanaan tenaga elektrik menggunakan cahaya matahari atau dikenali sebagai foton. Fotovoltaik adalah bahan yang dapat menukarkan sinaran suria kepada tenaga elektrik.&lt;br /&gt;Fotovoltaik dipetik daripada dua perkataan iaitu foto yang bermaksud foton atau cahaya atau gelombang elektromagnet dan voltan bermaksud daya gerak elektrik.&lt;br /&gt;Teknologi ini sudah digunakan dengan begitu meluas di negara-negara maju termasuk Jepun, Amerika Syarikat dan negara-negara Eropah.&lt;br /&gt;Pada peringkat permulaan, teknologi ini diperkenalkan bagi membekalkan tenaga kepada projek satelit di angkasa. Kemajuan dalam teknologi ini yang begitu pesat membolehkan manusia menggunakannya secara meluas sejak sedekad yang lalu.&lt;br /&gt;Penggunaannya dilakukan dengan menyepadukan penggunaan sumber tenaga ini dengan sumber tenaga lain yang sedia ada seperti diesel, bateri dan juga angin. Terbaru, teknologi ini sedang giat diusahakan untuk disambung ke grid atau pendawaian awam supaya mengurangkan pergantungan kepada tenaga daripada fosil dalam penjanaan elektrik di rumah kediaman dan bangunan.&lt;br /&gt;Menurut Dr. Mohd. Yusof, manusia telah pun menggunakan tenaga suria sebagai sumber tenaga sejak turun-temurun. Namun penggunaannya agak tradisional seperti pengawetan bahan makanan dan pengeringan hasil pertanian yang dilakukan dengan menjemurnya di kawasan lapang.&lt;br /&gt;Beliau berkata, fotovoltaik telah ditemui oleh ahli fizik Perancis bernama Edmond Becquerel pada 1839.&lt;br /&gt;Katanya, ketika itu Becquerel telah menulis satu kertas kerja mengenai kajian ke atas bateri basah. Ahli fizik tersebut mendapati voltan baterinya bertambah apabila plat perak pada bateri tersebut dikenakan tenaga suria.&lt;br /&gt;Bagaimanapun, kajian tersebut tidak banyak memberi sumbangan kepada pembangunan sel suria sebaliknya konsep tersebut digunakan sebagai asas kajian bidang fotografi.&lt;br /&gt;Selepas itu, dua ahli sains dari Universiti Cambridge iaitu Adams dan Day berjaya mendapatkan kesan fotovoltaik dalam bahan pepejal pada 1877.&lt;br /&gt;Mereka membuat kajian ke atas bahan selenium yang mendapati perubahan sifat elektrik apabila bahan ini didedahkan kepada sinaran suria.&lt;br /&gt;Pada 1883, seorang pakar elektrik dari New York, Charles Edgar Fritts pula berjaya membina sel suria daripada bahan selenium yang menyerupai sel silikon yang banyak digunakan pada hari ini.&lt;br /&gt;Bagaimanapun, pada peringkat awal kajian, didapati kecekapan sel suria hanya dalam lingkungan satu peratus sahaja. Apabila seorang ahli fizik terkenal, Max Planck dapat menerangkan secara teori bagaimana proses penukaran tenaga foton kepada elektron, maka barulah bahan asas untuk membina sel suria diperoleh.&lt;br /&gt;Akhirnya pada 1950-an, Bell Telephone Laboratories telah membuka sejarah dalam perkembangan sel suria dengan penggunaan semikonduktor apabila tiga ahli fiziknya, Drryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller dan Gerard Pearson berjaya dalam penyelidikan mereka ke atas bahan semikonduktor yang disinari dengan cahaya.&lt;br /&gt;Semikonduktor adalah bahan bukan logam seperti silikon yang mempunyai sifat yang berada antara bahan konduktor (pengalir elektrik) dan insulator (yang menebat atau tidak dapat mengalir elektrik) apabila dikenakan sinaran suria.&lt;br /&gt;Apabila tidak disinari suria, kuasa elektrik tidak dijana. Bahan semikonduktor ini bersifat bahan pengalir elektrik kerana apabila terkena sinaran suria, elektron dalam bahan tersebut akan teruja.&lt;br /&gt;Apabila semikonduktor dikenakan cahaya, sebahagian elektron yang menghuni aras tenaga ini akan memperoleh tenaga yang cukup untuk melampaui satu aras yang dikenali aras Fermi dan membolehkannya mengalirkan elektrik.&lt;br /&gt;Oleh kerana sinaran suria dapat menjana tenaga dalam bentuk haba dan elektrik, satu sistem boleh menukarkan tenaga suria kepada tenaga haba dan elektrik boleh diwujudkan.&lt;br /&gt;Berdasarkan prinsip tersebut, Dr. Mohd. Yusof berjaya menghasilkan pengumpul tenaga suria yang beliau namakan Pengumpul Suria Fotovoltaik-Terma atau PVT. Pengumpul PVT ini terdiri daripada 50 sel suria (diperbuat daripada silikon) yang disusun dan diletakkan dalam bekas tertutup.&lt;br /&gt;Bagi meningkatkan prestasi pengumpulan tenaga, sinaran suria ditumpukan kepada sel suria dengan menggunakan penumpu parabola rencam (compound parabolic concentrator).&lt;br /&gt;Dengan teknik ini, sinaran suria terfokus kepada sel suria yang menukarkannya kepada tenaga elektrik dan pada masa yang sama haba (melalui pemanasan udara), dapat dikumpulkan. Bagi meningkatkan kecekapan penukaran sinaran suria kepada haba, `sirip' yang dibuat daripada kepingan aluminium diletak di bahagian bawah sel suria.&lt;br /&gt;Menerusi sistem ini, tenaga elektrik dapat dihasilkan sehingga 50 watt manakala suhu udara dapat ditingkatkan sehingga 600C. PVT ini sesuai digunakan menghasilkan udara panas untuk projek pengeringan manakala tenaga elektrik yang dihasilkan dapat digunakan untuk menjalankan kipas dan pam.&lt;br /&gt;Menurut Dr. Mohd. Yusof, sistem yang dikaji dapat membekalkan tenaga untuk sistem terpencil.&lt;br /&gt;``Sebagai contoh, ia dapat digunakan di kawasan yang jauh dari bekalan elektrik manakala udara panas boleh digunakan untuk membolehkan kipas berfungsi mengalirkan udara dalam sistem pengeringan tersebut,'' katanya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(by NURUL HIDAYAH SULONG)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-7972702862430808693?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/7972702862430808693/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=7972702862430808693' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/7972702862430808693'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/7972702862430808693'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/suria-sumber-tenaga-masa-depan.html' title='Suria sumber tenaga masa depan'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-1183701865841754643</id><published>2007-08-21T16:22:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-21T16:26:08.044+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Electricity from Natural Gas</title><content type='html'>Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants and animals are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years. The energy that the plants and animals originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of carbon in natural gas. Natural gas is combusted to generate electricity, enabling this stored energy to be transformed into usable power. Natural gas is a nonrenewable resource because it cannot be replenished on a human time frame.&lt;br /&gt;The natural gas power production process begins with the extraction of natural gas, continues with its treatment and transport to the power plants, and ends with its combustion in boilers and turbines to generate electricity.&lt;br /&gt;Initially, wells are drilled into the ground to remove the natural gas. After the natural gas is extracted, it is treated at gas plants to remove impurities such as hydrogen sulfide, helium, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and moisture. Pipelines then transport the natural gas from the gas plants to power plants.&lt;br /&gt;Power plants use several methods to convert gas to electricity. One method is to burn the gas in a boiler to produce steam, which is then used by a steam turbine to generate electricity. A more common approach is to burn the gas in a combustion turbine to generate electricity.&lt;br /&gt;Another technology, that is growing in popularity is to burn the natural gas in a combustion turbine and use the hot combustion turbine exhaust to make steam to drive a steam turbine. This technology is called "combined cycle" and achieves a higher efficiency by using the same fuel source twice.&lt;br /&gt;(sharifah norazira)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-1183701865841754643?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/1183701865841754643/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=1183701865841754643' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/1183701865841754643'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/1183701865841754643'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/electricity-from-natural-gas.html' title='Electricity from Natural Gas'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5349227920210864471</id><published>2007-08-21T16:17:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-21T16:21:50.942+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Electricity from Oil</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family:courier new;"&gt;Electricity from Oil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Courier New;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the United States, oil is used mostly for transportation or home heating purposes, although a small percentage is used as a fuel for electricity generating plants. As with other &lt;a href="http://www.epa.gov/solar/glossary.htm#fossil"&gt;fossil fuels&lt;/a&gt;, oil is found in underground reservoirs. It is the end product of the decomposition of organic materials that have been subjected to geologic heat and pressure over millions of years. Oil is considered a nonrenewable resource because it cannot be replenished on a human timeframe.&lt;br /&gt;The activities involved in producing electricity from oil begin with the extraction of the oil and end with its burning in boilers and turbines at power plants. Initially, crude oil is removed from the ground by drilling deep wells and pumping it up to the surface.&lt;br /&gt;The crude oil is then transported to a refinery where it is refined into a number of fuel products, including gasoline, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas (such as propane), distillates (diesel and jet fuels), and "residuals" that include industrial fuels. Refineries remove a portion of the impurities in the crude oil, such as sulfur, nitrogen, and metals.&lt;br /&gt;From the refinery, oil is transported to power plants by ship, pipelines, truck, or train. At power plants, several methods can be used to generate electricity from oil. One method is to burn the oil in boilers to produce steam, which is used by a steam turbine to generate electricity. A more common method is to burn the oil in combustion turbines, which are similar to jet engines. Another technology is to burn the oil in a combustion turbine and use the hot exhaust to make steam to drive a steam turbine. This technology is called "combined cycle" and is more efficient because it uses the same fuel source twice.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:courier new;"&gt;Environmental Impacts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:courier new;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Although power plants are regulated by federal and state laws to protect human health and the environment, there is a wide variation of environmental impacts associated with power generation technologies.&lt;br /&gt;The purpose of the following section is to give consumers a better idea of the specific air, water, and solid waste releases associated with oil-fired electricity generation.&lt;br /&gt;(sharifah norazira)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5349227920210864471?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5349227920210864471/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5349227920210864471' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5349227920210864471'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5349227920210864471'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/electricity-from-oil.html' title='Electricity from Oil'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-7256149686461653593</id><published>2007-08-21T16:13:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-21T16:16:07.587+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Electricity from Coal</title><content type='html'>Coal is a fossil fuel formed from the decomposition of organic materials that have been subjected to geologic heat and pressure over millions of years. Coal is considered a nonrenewable resource because it cannot be replenished on a human time frame.&lt;br /&gt;The activities involved in generating electricity from coal include mining, transport to power plants, and burning of the coal in power plants. Initially, coal is extracted from surface or underground mines. The coal is often cleaned or washed at the coal mine to remove impurities before it is transported to the power plant—usually by train, barge, or truck. Finally, at the power plant, coal is commonly burned in a boiler to produce steam. The steam is run through a turbine to generate electricity. (sharifah norazira)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-7256149686461653593?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/7256149686461653593/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=7256149686461653593' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/7256149686461653593'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/7256149686461653593'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/electricity-from-coal.html' title='Electricity from Coal'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-3398168306534505702</id><published>2007-08-20T23:47:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-20T23:56:38.503+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Geothermal Energy</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/climate/images/text_images/geothermal_energy02_adap.gif"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;How it works&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Geothermal simply means 'Earth's heat'. The centre of the Earth is extremely hot, current estimates are 5,500C at the core just over six and a half thousand kilometres below the crust. This is about as hot as the surface of the sun.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is not surprising therefore, that even the upper 3 metres of the Earth's surface stay at a nearly constant 10-16C throughout the year.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are three main ways of tapping geothermal energy:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Direct use&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Geothermal heat found near the surface of the Earth can be used directly for heating buildings (District Heating - the system that supplies communities with hot water or heating - being the most well known) and for a number of commercial and industrial uses. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Geothermal heat pumps&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The relatively constant temperature of the top 15 metres of the Earth's surface (or ground water) can be used to heat or cool buildings indirectly. The pump uses a series of pipes to circulate fluid through the warm ground. In the winter when the ground is warmer than the buildings above, the liquid absorbs heat from the ground, which is then concentrated and transferred to the buildings. This can also be used to heat domestic water. In the summer, when the ground is cooler, the pump transfers heat from the buildings back into the ground. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Electricity production&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are three types of power plant that can convert geothermal energy to electricity, depending on the temperature of the geothermal fluid used. All three use a turbine that is driven by steam, which then drives a generator to produce electricity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The past&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Humans have used geothermal energy for thousands of years, using hot springs initially for cooking and building reservoirs around springs to create shrines and bathing complexes such as those built at Bath by the Romans.&lt;br /&gt;The world's first District Heating system was built in 1892 in Idaho, USA and piped hot water from springs to town buildings. The first geothermal power plant was built in Ladarello in Italy in 1904.&lt;br /&gt;The dramatic rise in oil prices in the late 1970s prompted the Department of Energy in the UK to look for alternative energy sources. A number of deep geothermal aquifers were identified.&lt;br /&gt;One scheme in Southampton has been developed privately and was launched in 1986 and provides a heating and chilling system for a number of domestic and commercial consumers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The advantages&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;By using geothermal energy, no fossil fuel burning is required. Geothermal power plants emit only excess steam and very few trace gases (1000-2000 times less carbon dioxide than fossil fuel power plants), they take up very little land compared to traditional fossil-fuel plants and advanced drilling techniques minimise the impact of drilling wells.&lt;br /&gt;The electricity produced is also more 'available', as fossil-fuelled power plants produce electricity 65-75% of the time compared to 90% from geothermal power plants. While geothermal resources are not spread uniformly, geothermal heat pumps can be used nearly anywhere.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The costs&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When a heat pump is used to provide domestic heating, the savings on electricity can outweigh the cost of installing and running the system. Where geothermal energy is used in agriculture (such as to heat greenhouses) heating costs can be cut by up to 80%. The cost of electricity from geothermal power plants is slowly becoming competitive with that from traditional power plants.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The future&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The next step in using heat trapped inside the earth, is to drill deeper and circulate water through the hot dry rock found 3 - 5 miles under the surface, or to venture even deeper and try to utilise the hottest source of all - the molten and semi-molten magma that makes up the Earth's core. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(post by rosehanizar &amp;amp; noor sakinah)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-3398168306534505702?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/3398168306534505702/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=3398168306534505702' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/3398168306534505702'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/3398168306534505702'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/geothermal-energy.html' title='Geothermal Energy'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5956327859787898191</id><published>2007-08-20T01:31:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-20T01:51:47.675+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Biofuels: Green energy or grim reaper?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41566000/jpg/_41566260_refinery203eyewire.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41566000/jpg/_41566260_refinery203eyewire.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;View Point by Jeffrey A McNeely&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Biofuels could end up damaging the natural world rather than saving it from global warming, argues Jeff McNeely in the Green Room. Better policies, better science and genetic modification, he says, can all contribute to a greener biofuels revolution.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With soaring oil prices, and debates raging on how to reduce carbon emissions to slow climate change, many are looking to biofuels as a renewable and clean source of energy.&lt;br /&gt;The European Union recently has issued a directive calling for biofuels to meet 5.75% of transportation fuel needs by 2010. Germany and France have announced they intend to meet the target well before the deadline; California intends going still further.&lt;br /&gt;This is a classic "good news-bad news" story.&lt;br /&gt;Of course we all want greater energy security, and helping achieve the goals (however weak) of the Kyoto Protocol is surely a good thing.&lt;br /&gt;This is a classic "good news-bad news" story.&lt;br /&gt;Of course we all want greater energy security, and helping achieve the goals (however weak) of the Kyoto Protocol is surely a good thing.&lt;br /&gt;However, biofuels - made by producing ethanol, an alcohol fuel made from maize, sugar cane, or other plant matter - may be a penny wise but pound foolish way of doing so.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Consider the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The grain required to fill the petrol tank of a Range Rover with ethanol is sufficient to feed one person per year. Assuming the petrol tank is refilled every two weeks, the amount of grain required would feed a hungry African village for a year &lt;/li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Much of the fuel that Europeans use will be imported from Brazil, where the Amazon is being burned to plant more sugar and soybeans, and Southeast Asia, where oil palm plantations are destroying the rainforest habitat of orangutans and many other species. Species are dying for our driving &lt;/li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If ethanol is imported from the US, it will likely come from maize, which uses fossil fuels at every stage in the production process, from cultivation using fertilisers and tractors to processing and transportation. Growing maize appears to use 30% more energy than the finished fuel produces, and leaves eroded soils and polluted waters behind &lt;/li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Meeting the 5.75% target would require, according to one authoritative study, a quarter of the EU's arable land &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Using ethanol rather than petrol reduces total emissions of carbon dioxide by only about 13% because of the pollution caused by the production process, and because ethanol gets only about 70% of the mileage of petrol &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Food prices are already increasing. With just 10% of the world's sugar harvest being converted to ethanol, the price of sugar has doubled; the price of palm oil has increased 15% over the past year, with a further 25% gain expected next year.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt;Little wonder that many are calling biofuels "deforestation diesel", the opposite of the environmentally friendly fuel that all are seeking.&lt;br /&gt;With so much farmland already taking the form of monoculture, with all that implies for wildlife, do we really want to create more diversity-stripped desert?&lt;br /&gt;Others are worried about the impacts of biofuels on food prices, which will affect especially the poor who already spend a large proportion of their income on food. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Biotech boost&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So what is to be done? The first step is to increase our understanding of how nature works to produce energy.&lt;br /&gt;Amazingly, scientists do not yet have a full understanding of the workings of photosynthesis, the process by which plants use solar energy to absorb carbon dioxide and build carbohydrates.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some environmentalists are worried that altered trees will cross-breed with wild trees, resulting in a drooping forest rather than one that stands tall Biotechnology, its reputation sullied by public protests over GM foods, may make important contributions. According to the science journal Nature, recombinant technology is already available that could enhance ethanol yield, reduce environmental damage from feedstock, and improve bioprocessing efficiency at the refinery.&lt;br /&gt;The Swiss biotech firm Syngenta is developing a genetically engineered maize that can help convert itself into ethanol by growing a particular enzyme.&lt;br /&gt;Others are designing trees that have less lignin, the strength-giving substance that enables them to stand upright, but makes it more difficult to convert the tree's cellulose into ethanol.&lt;br /&gt;Some environmentalists are worried that these altered trees will cross-breed with wild trees, resulting in a drooping forest rather than one that stands tall and produces useful timber and wildlife habitat.&lt;br /&gt;In the longer run, biotech promises to help convert wood chips, farm wastes, and willow trees into bioethanol more cheaply and cleanly, thereby helping meet energy needs while also improving its public image.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Public stake&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But that is not nearly enough; bioenergy is too important to be left in the hands of the private sector.&lt;br /&gt;Many of the social and environmental benefits of bioenergy are not priced in the market, so the public sector needs to step in to ensure these benefits are delivered.&lt;br /&gt;An easy immediate step would be to mandate improved fuel efficiency for all forms of transport, beginning with the private automobile. A 20% increase in fuel-efficiency standards is feasible using current technology, and would save far more energy than Europe's biomass could produce. Governments also need to provide leadership in the form of economic incentives to minimise competition between food and fuel crops, and ensure that water, high-quality agricultural land, and biodiversity are not sacrificed on the altar of our convenience.&lt;br /&gt;Calculations of energy return on investment need to include environmental impacts on soil, water, climate change, and ecosystem services.&lt;br /&gt;The bottom line is that biofuels can contribute to energy and environmental goals only as part of an overall strategy that includes energy conservation, a diversity of sustainable energy sources, greater efficiency in production and transport, and careful management of ethanol production.&lt;br /&gt;Jeffrey A McNeely is chief scientist of IUCN, the World Conservation Union, based in Switzerland (post by rosehanizar and noor sakinah)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5956327859787898191?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5956327859787898191/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5956327859787898191' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5956327859787898191'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5956327859787898191'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/biofuels-green-energy-or-grim-reaper.html' title='Biofuels: Green energy or grim reaper?'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-7785309155496312108</id><published>2007-08-18T16:07:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-18T16:09:01.157+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Hak Rakyat Pedalaman Dapat Kemudahan Asas</title><content type='html'>Masalah kemudahan asas seperti bekalan elektrik, air bersih dan sistem perhubungan masih menjadi agenda utama pembangunan negara khususnya untuk kawasan pedalaman dan luar bandar. &lt;p&gt;Ketika pembangunan rancak dimajukan di kawasan strategik, jangan dilupakan peluang yang sama patut dinikmati oleh rakyat yang jaraknya jauh dari ‘teropong’ pentadbiran negeri dan Pusat.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Barangkali kemudahan air dan pengangkutan bukan menjadi isu utama di pedalaman kerana mereka punya alternatif lain. Tetapi adalah kesukaran bagi mereka melakukan pelbagai aktiviti harian jika tidak mendapat bekalan elektrik.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Walaupun segelintir masyarakat negara ini masih berada di bawah garis kemiskinan terutama di pedalaman, hak untuk mereka mendapat nikmat pemodenan hasil kemajuan sains dan penggunaan tenaga elektrik, tidak patut dinafikan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sebab itu saranan Perdana Menteri supaya penggunaan alam semula jadi sebagai sumber alternatif bagi menjana bekalan kuasa elektrik di kawasan pedalaman dan luar bandar perlu diteroka, ada logiknya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sudah lama penduduk pedalaman inginkan bekalan elektrik bagi menyinari kegelapan rumah mereka, sambil menikmati gaya hidup baru sebagai- mana rakyat lain.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Jika Pulau Banggi, Kudat, yang berangin sesuai digunakan kincir angin untuk menghasilkan tenaga elektrik, maka kajian segera wajar dilakukan. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Baik kita lupakan alasan lapuk, bekalan elektrik tidak dapat disalurkan ke kawasan pedalaman kerana masalah jarak jauh dan kos logistiknya mahal. Dengan pelbagai penemuan kajian ahli sains maka tidak mustahil apa yang diharapkan oleh masyarakat pedalaman dan luar bandar di seluruh negara, kini boleh direalisasikan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Kawasan luar bandar dan pedalaman yang masih berkeadaan seperti negara sebelum merdeka dan tanpa bekalan kemudahan asas, perlu diberi perhatian utama oleh kerajaan dan syarikat korporat yang berkenaan. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Berada di luar bandar atau pedalaman tidak bermakna mereka terus tidak layak mendapat kemudahan asas.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sepatutnya masalah bekalan elektrik tidak menjadi isu ketika ini yang mana pelbagai cara dan kaedah yang murah boleh digunakan. Perdana Menteri ketika melancarkan Program Lonjakan Mega Luar Bandar dan merasmikan Projek Agropolitan di Pulau Banggi telah membuka mata betapa begitu banyak tenaga sudah kita persia-siakan selama ini. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Selain penggunaan teknologi kincir angin, di kawasan pedalaman lain boleh menggunakan sumber alam termasuk air terjun dan sungai untuk menghasilkan tenaga. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Persoalan sekarang, apa yang dicetuskan oleh Perdana Menteri itu mahu direalisasikan atau dibiarkan ia berlalu begitu saja hingga beberapa dekad akan datang. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hakikatnya dalam membasmi kemiskinan, hak masyarakat luar bandar dan pedalaman untuk mendapat kemudahan asas – air dan elektrik – yang kita nikmati sejak merdeka 50 tahun lalu, tidak patut dinafikan. (posted by istiqomah)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-7785309155496312108?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/7785309155496312108/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=7785309155496312108' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/7785309155496312108'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/7785309155496312108'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/hak-rakyat-pedalaman-dapat-kemudahan.html' title='Hak Rakyat Pedalaman Dapat Kemudahan Asas'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-3895972922087589348</id><published>2007-08-18T12:45:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-18T12:49:21.067+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Town leads UK solar energy drive</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41271000/jpg/_41271532_solar_kirklees203.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41271000/jpg/_41271532_solar_kirklees203.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Huddersfield, once at the heart of the industrial revolution, is now leading the UK's drive to produce green energy, new figures have shown.&lt;br /&gt;The West Yorkshire town is producing 5% of the country's domestic solar power - more than any other district - thanks to a major council-backed project.&lt;br /&gt;Kirklees Council has teamed up with the European SunCities scheme to install solar panels on 250 council houses.&lt;br /&gt;Panels are also in use at its council care homes and on some private housing. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kirklees Council renewable energy officer Kate Parsons said: "By the end of February we will have installed 4.9% of the total amount of solar electricity installed in the UK, making it the largest domestic solar project in the UK."&lt;br /&gt;The figure is based on the government's recently-published data for its micro-generation strategy - the generation of energy through local schemes.&lt;br /&gt;Householders taking part in the scheme - many elderly or families with young children - can expect to save up to £50 a year on their electricity bills.&lt;br /&gt;"This is a vital tool in the council's fight against fuel poverty among vulnerable groups," said Ms Parsons.&lt;br /&gt;On Monday, a delegation of experts from SunCities projects in Germany and the Netherlands was arriving in Huddersfield for a two-day visit to study the town's solar projects. (post by rosehanizar mohd radzi)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-3895972922087589348?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/3895972922087589348/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=3895972922087589348' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/3895972922087589348'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/3895972922087589348'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/town-leads-uk-solar-energy-drive.html' title='Town leads UK solar energy drive'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-8183949887344672765</id><published>2007-08-17T17:49:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-17T17:51:55.484+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='posted by Aida'/><title type='text'>translate..PM: Teroka tenaga alternatif</title><content type='html'>KUDAT 11 Ogos – Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi mahu penggunaan alam semula jadi sebagai sumber alternatif menjana bekalan kuasa elektrik diteroka khususnya di kawasan pedalaman dan luar bandar.&lt;br /&gt;Perdana Menteri berkata, sudah tiba masanya semua pihak berusaha memanfaatkan sumber alam semula jadi itu di kawasan yang sesuai sebelum diperluaskan ke kawasan lain.&lt;br /&gt;Beliau menarik perhatian mengenai kedudukan Pulau Banggi di sini yang mempunyai tiupan angin kencang sepanjang masa dan sesuai untuk dibina kincir angin bagi menjana kuasa elektrik.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Kita perlu menggunakan kincir angin untuk menghasilkan tenaga sebagai alternatif. Jika berjaya, ia boleh dikembangkan di tempat lain.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Ini kerana membina sistem bekalan elektrik di tempat yang jauh, terpencil amat mahal,” katanya kepada pemberita selepas melancarkan program Lonjakan Mega Luar Bandar dan merasmikan Projek Agropolitan Pulau Banggi hari ini.&lt;br /&gt;Ketika ini penjanaan tenaga elektrik 12 jam dibekalkan kepada penduduk di Pulau Banggi menggunakan set generator manakala beberapa buah solar hibrid baru dibina sebagai tambahan.&lt;br /&gt;Abdullah berkata, selain kincir angin, penduduk luar bandar boleh terus menggunakan konsep solar hibrid yang juga lebih sesuai, mudah dan murah.&lt;br /&gt;Jelas beliau, pada peringkat permulaan, penyediaan peralatan kincir angin mungkin agak mahal kerana teknologinya perlu diimport dari luar negara tetapi jika penggunaannya semakin meluas, tentu ia akan menjadi lebih murah.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Kita import dahulu dan lama-kelamaan kita boleh menggunakan kepakaran kita sendiri dan mungkin juga kita dah ada sendiri (peralatan),” katanya.&lt;br /&gt;Beliau turut melahirkan keyakinan penggunaan teknologi kincir angin juga akan mengalami perubahan dan penambahbaikan dari semasa ke semasa sehingga ia benar-benar dapat memanfaatkan penduduk yang jauh dari bandar.&lt;br /&gt;Begitu juga, katanya, dalam aspek penyediaan bekalan air bersih di kawasan pedalaman boleh dimajukan dengan pelbagai alternatif bersesuaian dan ada yang telah berjaya diperkenalkan di beberapa kawasan di negara ini.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-8183949887344672765?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/8183949887344672765/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=8183949887344672765' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8183949887344672765'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8183949887344672765'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/translatepm-teroka-tenaga-alternatif.html' title='translate..PM: Teroka tenaga alternatif'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-6166316139001292700</id><published>2007-08-15T15:42:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-15T15:44:50.229+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Indonesian oil reserves will run out in 20 years, says research group</title><content type='html'>NUSA DUA (Indonesia) June 4 - Indonesia's oil reserves will be exhausted in 20 years if the current production level of 500 million barrels a year is maintained, a research group said Tuesday.&lt;br /&gt;Pelangi, an Indonesian research group focusing on energy and environment issues, said the use of liquid fossil fuels in the energy mix in Indonesia remains significant although it has decreased over the past 20 years.&lt;br /&gt;Fossil fuels are used for half the fuel needs of industry, about 70 percent in households and 99.9 percent for transport, said the group in a statement.&lt;br /&gt;It predicted that Indonesia would be a net oil importer in the next 10 years.&lt;br /&gt;``This spells disaster,'' said Moekti Soejachmoen, Pelangi deputy director.&lt;br /&gt;He was speaking on the sidelines of a UN meeting on Bali island to prepare for the World Summit on Sustainable Development opening in Johannesburg on August 26.&lt;br /&gt;Thousands of officials and activists have been meeting since May 23 to hammer out a plan of action to be adopted in the Johannesburg Summit.&lt;br /&gt;Indonesia could have saved 1.2 billion dollars in 2000 had it used energy as efficiently as other developing countries, Soejachmoen said.&lt;br /&gt;He urged Indonesia to develop renewable energy sources.&lt;br /&gt;``Indonesia can no longer rely on non-renewable sources of income such as oil, but instead it should develop its renewable source such as human capacity,'' he said.&lt;br /&gt;This year's government budget assumes crude oil production of 1.32 million barrels a day, or 482 million barrels a year. The US embassy in a report estimated reserves at 9.6 billion barrels.&lt;br /&gt;Energy is one of the contentious issues at the Bali meeting.&lt;br /&gt;The US and several other developed states oppose a proposal by the European Union and developing nations that 15 percent of energy consumption must come from renewable sources in 2010. - AFP&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-6166316139001292700?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/6166316139001292700/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=6166316139001292700' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6166316139001292700'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6166316139001292700'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/indonesian-oil-reserves-will-run-out-in.html' title='Indonesian oil reserves will run out in 20 years, says research group'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-9174177005520892597</id><published>2007-08-15T15:39:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-15T15:40:28.745+08:00</updated><title type='text'>The biomass way for new energy, cleaner environment</title><content type='html'>KUALA LUMPUR - The much-touted biomass, an inevitable organic waste which can be converted into energy and other commercial products, has yet to make any significant contribution to a cleaner environment in the country.&lt;br /&gt;And in the meantime, the tonnes upon tonnes of biowaste from the country's 3.6 million hectares of oil palm - fronds, trunks and empty fruit bunches - are going to waste, adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and hastening the feared "greenhouse" effect.&lt;br /&gt;Director-General of Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) Datuk Dr Yusof Basiron said any burning of the oil palm waste would release carbon dioxide into the air.&lt;br /&gt;But if the waste are converted into biomass and tapped as an energy source, the level of carbon in the atmosphere would be maintained if not reduced.&lt;br /&gt;This is the opposite of fossil fuel sources which can only add more of the gas to hasten the greenhouse effect, he explained.&lt;br /&gt;In the Malaysian context, the main supply of biomass is the oil palm plantation covering an area of 3.6 million hectares, producing over 35 million tonnes of biomass in the form of trunks, fronds and empty fruit bunches (EFB) a year.&lt;br /&gt;During the replanting, the trees yield some 25 million tonnes of the trunks annually.&lt;br /&gt;The current practice of disposing the oil palm waste is to dump them back to the field or to burn them - both ways give a negative impact on the environment.&lt;br /&gt;With this in mind, Dr Yusof said the government had come up with the idea of producing five percent of the country's energy in 2005 from biomass, specifically oil palm waste.&lt;br /&gt;"We don't want to over-exploit fossil fuel, but start using the available raw material and renewable resource," he said, while admitting that it is a big challenge to the government to get the people to use less fossil fuels.&lt;br /&gt;This is because Malaysia has a lot of raw materials and energy sources such as petroleum, gas, timber and rubberwood, which put a brake on the use of oil palm biomass.&lt;br /&gt;"People are still comfortable with the current raw material availability from other sources," he explained.&lt;br /&gt;Dr Yusof said the importance of oil palm biomass would emerge when the shift in raw material supply takes place.&lt;br /&gt;"Rubberwood which is the main source now is depleting, so the shift would be towards oil palm biomass. This natural shift would take some time to occur. This is the reason why we want the industry to respond very fast and start commercial exploitation as soon as possible, and not wait for the natural shift," he said.&lt;br /&gt;He said the fact that the government had outlawed the open burning of oil palm waste is a clear message to the industry players to find a profitable use of the waste.&lt;br /&gt;It is up to the industry to maximise revenue by making the biomass in the most efficient and profitable way, he said.&lt;br /&gt;Noting that necessity in the mother of all inventions, he said the low prices of palm oil and lack of income would drive the industry to go for the greater use of oil palm biomass.&lt;br /&gt;He said incentives like rebates, tax exemption and regulations would also induce all sectors, especially big industry players, to employ environment-friendly energy use.&lt;br /&gt;Dr Yusof felt that there is no need for other organic waste when the oil palm sector is the main source of biomass. "It has excess amounts (of biomass) and that should be exploited right now," he argued.&lt;br /&gt;The industry, he said, had to work out on the logistics factor in such a way there would be minimum transporting cost of raw material and finished products.&lt;br /&gt;"The raw materials should be also transported with great efficiency, meaning that they should not transport very crude kind of raw materials because they contain a lot of water," he said.&lt;br /&gt;So, there must be a scheme to allow each mill to have a pre-processing facility to dry the fiber and compact it before it is marketed, said Dr Yusof.&lt;br /&gt;As for funding of these projects, he said a lot of banks such as Bank Industri and even the commercial banks would look at the viability of a project before giving the financial backing.&lt;br /&gt;As far as biomass is concerned, he said it is something very new and the banks need to be fully exposed, especially on the potentials of the industry.&lt;br /&gt;To make things click, he said MPOB had invested RM20 million to RM30 million (on R&amp;amp;D work) in the last 20 years.&lt;br /&gt;MPOB had also been very aggressive to make the biomass industry a success, and had staged various seminars to unfold the potentials of the industry for the players and the banks.&lt;br /&gt;Recently, MPOB jointly organised a two-day seminar on "Oil Palm Biomass: Opportunities for Commercialisation" with Faunhofer Liaison Office, Malaysia and The Chamber of Commerce, Hannover Hildersheim, Lower Saxonia, Germany.&lt;br /&gt;MPOB, he said, has also established a medium density fiberboard (MDF) pilot plant to undertake development work with the objective of gradually replacing rubberwood as a major material for MDF and improving the quality of the MDF produced.&lt;br /&gt;"We are there to help the companies that have problems in shifting from rubberwood to oil palm fibers," he added. - Bernama&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-9174177005520892597?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/9174177005520892597/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=9174177005520892597' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/9174177005520892597'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/9174177005520892597'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/biomass-way-for-new-energy-cleaner.html' title='The biomass way for new energy, cleaner environment'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-4896367133378166991</id><published>2007-08-15T14:48:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-15T14:52:12.383+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Solar-powered dream house</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://star-space.com/archives/2007/7/7/pnews/bw_21hillhouse2.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://star-space.com/archives/2007/7/7/pnews/bw_21hillhouse2.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;THERE are several features about this house that are pertinent. The first is its location, the other its terrain. Country Heights Damansara is slowly shaping up to have some pretty unique and fashionable real estate for the well-heeled. Whether it will become a fashionable address in the years to come is to be seen as this is a new area.&lt;br /&gt;The exceptional features of some of its real estate are due, to a large extent, to its sloping terrain. It is a double-edged sword, actually, as owners of the vacant bungalow lots are beginning to discover as they begin construction. Cost is about 30% to 40% higher than if it were to be on flat land.&lt;br /&gt;It is because the building is on such uneven terrain and contours that creative and architectural possibilities are pushed to the maximum with some amazing results for some of its bungalows. This also drives up the costs. Over on this hill beside the Penchala toll plaza on the Leburaya Damansara-Puchong, what is on level ground is considered mundane. It is against this backdrop that the owner of this three-storey bungalow has built his dream house.&lt;br /&gt;A rather contemporary piece of work, the only part of this house that is at road level is the car porch and entrance foyer, which can fit eight Myvis or six BMWs. A feature wall with natural green stone runs across the house, hiding the rest from view. A stretch of louvered windows runs across the house at the entrance foyer behind the feature wall.&lt;br /&gt;“Because of the natural green surroundings, and the fact that this house is on a hill in a lovely green environment, I have designed the house in such a way as to allow as much light and wind to come in. The place is absolutely airy, around the clock,” the owner says.&lt;br /&gt;A flight of stairs down leads to the living area, dining and kitchen. The main focus of the living area is the view of the hills that straddle Country Heights Damansara and Taman Tun Dr Ismail.&lt;br /&gt;He has taken full advantage of this by having glass on two sides of the living area, from floor to ceiling, with a timber deck wrap around it in the shape of the letter ‘L’. From the living area, one can walk to the timber terrace and onto the narrow strip of a pool, way above ground level. Incidentally, it is a drop of about 70 ft between the road level and the lowest point of the house.&lt;br /&gt;On the same level as the living area and pool are the kitchen and the AV room. The house does not have any built-ins.&lt;br /&gt;The master bedroom, guest room and family lounge is on the lower ground floor while three other bedrooms and another family area are on the first floor.&lt;br /&gt;A pertinent focus of this house is that it is one of several which opted for a subsidy scheme under the Malaysia Energy Centre (MEC) to be fitted with solar panels to harness energy from the sun. MEC is a non-profit organisation under the Energy, Water and Communications Ministry.The house is fitted with 50 pieces of solar photovoltaic panels (4 KW) at a cost of about RM110,000, at a 25% discount.&lt;br /&gt;The Malaysian Building Integrated Photovoltaic (MBIPV) programme national project leader Ahmad Hadri Harif, at the Malaysia Energy Centre says the house has two meter systems, a normal one which monitors the electricity usage from Tenaga Nasional Bhd (TNB) and a second meter which tracks the amount of electricity generated.&lt;br /&gt;“The meter reader who comes monthly will record the units of electricity used from the TNB meter and from the second meter, the amount of electricity generated.&lt;br /&gt;“The 4 KW panels fitted onto the roof will generate sufficient electricity for four units of 1 HP air conditioner, to be run for between six and seven hours.&lt;br /&gt;“This means that the homeowner will not need to pay for the electricity that these four air conditioners consumed, to put it simplistically. Generally, the amount of energy generated is smaller than the amount consumed,” says Ahmad Hadri.&lt;br /&gt;He says energy is only generated during the day. It is used and not stored. At 4 KW, the power capacity is small and the energy generated will be consumed by his neighbours. It will not travel beyond the substation.&lt;br /&gt;“The important thing is, from the consumer’s point of view, it cuts down energy usage and reduces his electricity bill and retro-fitted panels enhance the value of the property. From TNB’s perspective, although the power generated is small, it is derived from the source of consumption and used in the vicinity, thereby, does not overload the system,” says Ahmad Hadri. He says the panels have a warranty of 25 years but the system can work longer than that.&lt;br /&gt;Says the home owner: “I am very environment-conscious and I believe in a renewable source of energy, costly though it may be.&lt;br /&gt;“When I built this place, I also did not cut into the slopes; instead the entire structure hugs the terrain. It is not good to cut the slopes because this blocks the natural passage of water. Water is an element that finds its own way down into the ground. It is a natural element that one cannot control,” he says, adding that he consulted geotechnical expertise before building his house.&lt;br /&gt;“The important thing when building on slopes is the foundation. That which cannot be seen – in this case a strong foundation - is more than important than that which can be seen.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-4896367133378166991?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/4896367133378166991/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=4896367133378166991' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/4896367133378166991'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/4896367133378166991'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/solar-powered-dream-house.html' title='Solar-powered dream house'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-8806720248229517220</id><published>2007-08-14T23:05:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-14T23:08:18.088+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Putrajaya Perdana carving niche in energy efficiency</title><content type='html'>GREEN is the way to go and Putrajaya Perdana Bhd is heading in that direction to offer sustainable living for the future. &lt;br /&gt;The construction and property development company intends to carve a niche in designing and constructing energy-efficient buildings. &lt;br /&gt;Subsidiary Putra Perdana Development Sdn Bhd senior general manager Mak Hong Seng said the company was very focused on this area of business. &lt;br /&gt;“We regard this (energy-efficient construction) as a growth platform and there is potential,” he told StarBiz. &lt;br /&gt;There seem to be many reasons supporting the construction of energy-efficient or green buildings. &lt;br /&gt;Mak said there was more urgency to address global warming caused by the emission of greenhouse gases. Besides that, over half of the electricity used by the developed world was consumed by buildings. &lt;br /&gt;Locally, the Energy, Water and Communication Ministry and the Housing and Local Government Ministry have been working together to include an energy saving requirement in the country’s Uniform Building By-Laws. &lt;br /&gt;Mak said the updated MS1525:2006 (also known as Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings) was expected to be incorporated into the by-laws this year. &lt;br /&gt;“As the requirement is not enforced yet, it is currently done on a voluntary basis. &lt;br /&gt;“The aim is to table it in Parliament this year and once enforced, it will cover all buildings, except residential ones,” he added. &lt;br /&gt;Energy-efficient buildings are designed, constructed or retrofitted, operated and maintained in a manner that reduce the use of energy without constraining creativity, building function nor the comfort and productivity of the occupants with appropriate regard for cost construction. &lt;br /&gt;Mak pointed out that the potential of the business was not merely in constructing new green buildings but also in retrofitting old or existing buildings. &lt;br /&gt;“Retrofitting is a lucrative business especially for buildings that are not energy-efficient. We can identify areas to reduce energy consumption,” he said, adding that the retrofit cost would be offset by the amount in energy savings later. &lt;br /&gt;Constructing a building with energy-efficient features usually costs 10% more as opposed to the conventional method. &lt;br /&gt;However, Mak said in the long-run, cost savings from energy usage would be far more beneficial for an energy-efficient building. &lt;br /&gt;“We need economies of scale. This is a chicken-and-egg situation. Products such as solar panels are expensive as a lot of money used in research is not recouped, thus limiting mass production for a small market. The price should have dropped but demand in Europe suddenly surged and exceeded supply,” he said. &lt;br /&gt;Although it is not cost effective to implement energy-efficient features in residential homes, Putrajaya Perdana plans to embark on building such homes in Putrajaya. &lt;br /&gt;“Some developers, although conscious of the environment, have to look at their bottomline too. So, energy-efficient homes have to be marketed from a lifestyle perspective for it to be accepted,” Mak said. &lt;br /&gt;Some of the energy-efficient buildings in Malaysia include Menara Mesiniaga, the Securities Commission building and Energy, Water and Communications building (a low energy office constructed by Putrajaya Perdana). &lt;br /&gt;Putrajaya Perdana is currently constructing the Pusat Tenaga Malaysia building (a zero energy office) in Bangi and the Energy Commission headquarters in Putrajaya. &lt;br /&gt;Mak said the company’s orderbook stood at RM1.2bil. &lt;br /&gt;“We are constantly bidding for more projects. We are prospecting for overseas projects but the situation is not as rosy as people perceive it to be. &lt;br /&gt;“We are quite busy locally and will go abroad only if there are good or very big projects, (post by Rosehanizar mohd Radzi and Aida Husna&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-8806720248229517220?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/8806720248229517220/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=8806720248229517220' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8806720248229517220'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8806720248229517220'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/putrajaya-perdana-carving-niche-in.html' title='Putrajaya Perdana carving niche in energy efficiency'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-3188020772712456342</id><published>2007-08-13T23:20:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-13T23:26:28.182+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Chernobyl: No People But A Thriving Ecosystem</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://www.scienceagogo.com/news/img/chernobyl_sarcophagus.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://www.scienceagogo.com/news/img/chernobyl_sarcophagus.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;When the Chernobyl nuclear reactor melted down in 1986, scores of people died, many more became ill with acute radiation sickness, and 135,000 people were evacuated. The blast spread more than 200 times the radioactivity of the bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined. The prognosis for Chernobyl and its environs – succinctly dubbed by the Soviets as the "Zone of Alienation" – was grim. But surprisingly, Chernobyl’s surrounding flora and fauna have flourished remarkably. In Wormwood Forest: A Natural History of Chernobyl (October 2005, Joseph Henry Press), author Mary Mycio vividly describes an extraordinary – and at times unearthly – new ecosystem that is flourishing in this no-man’s land, where radiation levels are too intense for people to live.&lt;br /&gt;In 1986, people were already overwrought as a result of the tense and relentless brinkmanship presented on the nightly news in an era when two superpowers existed. As Martin Amis wrote: “Of course, the mid-to-late Eighties was one of the warmer phases of the Cold War: the time of the Reagan build-up, or spend-up; ‘the evil empire’; Star Wars (‘the force was with us’). Gorbachev had yet to show his hand, and it was hereabouts that Reagan accused the Russian language of having no word for détente.” The threat of nuclear war always seemed imminent and our anxiousness was further heightened by the unsettling predictions of what would occur should a nuclear exchange eventuate.&lt;br /&gt;Popular culture ensured that apocalyptic wasteland scenarios were welded in the public psyche. So when Chernobyl melted down, it was no surprise that the world’s media painted a grim picture. As a reflection of that time, Mycio recalls how a friend called her up and exclaimed: "A nuclear bomb exploded in Ukraine!" Chernobyl may not have been the nuclear apocalypse that we were all waiting for, but it may as well have been. We were all obviously prepared for the worst.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;As Mycio says, the very word “Chernobyl” has become a synonym for “horrific disaster,” conjuring the frightful radioactive deserts that form the landscapes of Atomic Age science fiction and resonate deeply in modern imaginations haunted by the specter of nuclear war. Mary Mycio’s first assumptions prior to visiting the Zone were probably not too dissimilar from anybody else asked to speculate on the disaster. “Whenever I thought about the irradiated lands 50 miles north of Kiev, it was like contemplating a black hole. All I could picture was a dead zone, like a giant parking lot paved with asphalt or a barren desert of dust and ash where nothing could grow and nothing living could survive without protective gear. Only gloomy shades of black and gray colored my mental images,” writes Mycio.&lt;br /&gt;But Wormwood Forest tells an astonishing tale that while tragic, is in many respects uplifting. The book’s important and remarkable observations come at a high price, but the Chernobyl disaster clearly demonstrates what happens to the environment when humans are not present. “Though Chernobyl is widely considered the worst environmental disaster in history, the Zone’s evacuation has – paradoxically – allowed nature to flourish. Nature barely notices radiation – at least the type and levels of radiation Chernobyl released. Human activities are far more damaging. In a way, we are the environmental disaster,” says Mycio. Ten years after the disaster, Mycio discovered a wilderness teeming with large animals, even more than before the nuclear disaster, with many of them members of rare and endangered species. Like the forests, fields and swamps of this burgeoning wilderness, everything is radioactive, and will be for the next 400,000 years. Packed into the muscles and bones of every animal inhabitant is Cesium-137 and strontium-90 respectively. But, quite astonishingly, they are thriving. Chernobyl’s flourishing new ecosystem is: “one of the first examples of how, in the absence of human intervention, nature in the Zone could recover its balance – even in the face of radioactive: “ghost towns and villages [that] stand in tragic testimony to the devastating effects of technology gone awry,” adds Mycio.&lt;br /&gt;Mycio, originally from Long Island, earned a bachelor’s degree in biology from Hunter College and a law degree from New York University in 1984. While working toward her degree, Mycio also spent a number of years in the East Village of New York, at the heart of the East Coast Ukrainian community, promoting Ukrainian affairs and issues. While working as a freelance journalist, Mycio felt she needed to write a book that dealt specifically with a Ukrainian theme. Mycio recently told The Ukrainian Weekly that after the Chernobyl disaster occurred, she became fixated on collecting as much information on the disaster as she possibly could in the hope of writing a book that exposed the criminal negligence of the Soviet government. However, the book was to become something even more fascinating and useful than a railing against the machinations of the Soviet government. “What I tried to do was weave personal travels with lyrical explanations of the natural history and science of Chernobyl. It’s the story of my travels in a radioactive wilderness.” &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;As it happens, Mycio’s book release coincides with a 600 page Chernobyl Forum Report that was released in early September. The Forum is made up of 8 United Nations agencies, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA), United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), and the World Bank, as well as the governments of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. The report states that a total of up to four thousand people could eventually die of radiation exposure from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster. This figure represents a massive departure from the original predictions made that suggested anywhere up to hundreds-of-thousands of fatalities. As of mid-2005 fewer than 50 deaths had been directly attributed to radiation from the disaster, almost all being highly exposed rescue workers, many who died within months of the accident but others who died as late as 2004, the report says. The report also notes that while 4,000 cases of thyroid cancer, mainly in children and adolescents at the time of the accident, have resulted from the accident's contamination, the survival rate among such cancer victims, judging from experience in Belarus, has been almost 99 percent.&lt;br /&gt;According to The Ukrainian Weekly, the Chernobyl Forum report has drawn much criticism from groups in the Ukraine. Alexander Kuzma, executive director of the Children of Chernobyl Relief and Development Fund, says the casualty figures are “dubious, at best.” Mycio can understand the frustration felt by such individuals, who she claims have had their concerns marginalized for years. Mycio told The Ukrainian Weekly that while there was nothing wrong with the environmental report, the predicted health effects are somewhat more controversial. “They based their prediction of future cancer on the people they studied, but they didn’t study all the people who were affected,” she pointed out. Mycio claims that there are about 1 million considered “highly affected” by Chernobyl, but the Chernobyl Forum only examined 600,000 of them, while ignoring 400,000. “They’re making conclusions based on a limited, incomplete population,” Mycio said. She also adds that the report states that there have been no increases in solid cancer tumors as a result of Chernobyl, yet there haven’t been any epidemiological studies of these tumors. “That’s logically incorrect,” states Mycio. “Since there are no epidemiological studies on the changes in the rate of solid tumors, it’s impossible to make any conclusions.” Despite these concerns, however, Mycio believes that to some extent the Chernobyl case in regard to fatalities has been exaggerated.&lt;br /&gt;The Chernobyl disaster also intersects with a number of other present day worries, such as our dependence on fossil fuels in spite of many scientists claiming that the Earth’s once bountiful reserves have entered their twilight years. Not to mention the effects of global warming that will continue to linger as a legacy of our longer than necessary dalliance with fossil fuels. Having spent a considerable amount of time researching and writing on the effects of the Chernobyl disaster, Mycio’s thinking on these important issues has been transformed in fundamental ways. “For the record, I have gone from adamant opponent of nuclear energy to ambivalent supporter – at least for giving a window of time for reducing our dependence on fossil fuels while pursuing research on alternative energy sources,” says Mycio. She explains that: “Initially, the disaster made me oppose nuclear energy. In 1986 that was a painless position to hold, because the price of American dependence on foreign oil had not yet become two Iraq wars, the second of which still has undetermined costs and consequences. Nor had I yet moved to Ukraine, whose complete dependence on Russian fossil fuels seriously compromised the young state’s political independence. It was also before I could feel the real evidence of global warming on my own skin.”&lt;br /&gt;Many people may find it unbelievable that Chernobyl’s story can go from worst-ever-environmental-disaster-in-history, to flourishing eco wilderness, twenty odd years later. Mycio states emphatically that she has never been approached by anyone looking to influence her assessment of the Chernobyl situation. An apologist she is not. The book is as much about the resilience and tenacity of a woman eager to get at the truth of something close to her heart, as it is about the resilience of nature itself in the face of what we assume to be insurmountable odds. As Mycio says: “The extraordinary and unexpected fate of the evacuated ‘Zone of Alienation’ around Chernobyl provides only a part of the answer. I hope that the rest will form in the mind of the reader after joining me on my journeys through the fascinating, beautiful – and radioactive – Wormwood Forest.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-3188020772712456342?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/3188020772712456342/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=3188020772712456342' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/3188020772712456342'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/3188020772712456342'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/chernobyl-no-people-but-thriving.html' title='Chernobyl: No People But A Thriving Ecosystem'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-6629547198567233926</id><published>2007-08-13T22:51:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-13T22:54:45.111+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='posted by Rosehanizar Mohd Radzi'/><title type='text'>PM: Use renewable energy</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://thestar.com.my/archives/2007/8/12/nation/n_pg04agripolitan.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand" alt="" src="http://thestar.com.my/archives/2007/8/12/nation/n_pg04agripolitan.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;KUDAT: Use the forces of nature to harness alternative and renewable energy for villagers, said the Prime Minister.&lt;br /&gt;Noting that sunlight, wind and water were plentiful in remote areas, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi said it only made sense to use them to generate electricity for rural communities.&lt;br /&gt;Launching the country's first High Impact Rural Development Programme in northern Pulau Banggi, some 300km from Kota Kinabalu yesterday, Abdullah said conventional power generation systems for rural communities were traditionally costly. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;"Rural electrification is too expensive," he said, adding that generating power using solar cells and wind turbines in remote locations was viable in the face of escalating diesel and petrol prices.&lt;br /&gt;He told reporters later that although Malaysia would have to import such equipment for now, the country has the capability of developing its own technology as there were already plants producing solar cells in the country.&lt;br /&gt;Abdullah said he was pleased that the RM167mil agripolitan scheme on the 440sq km island was the nation's first high impact rural development programme incorporating hybrid solar power generation.&lt;br /&gt;Noting that a component of the scheme was the setting up of 4,000ha of rubber plantations for the hardcore poor on the island, he said other agriculture-related activities should also be emphasised.&lt;br /&gt;The Prime Minister said villagers should not measure development just by the number of industries established in their localities.&lt;br /&gt;"Do not look down on agriculture," said Abdullah, adding that the Banggi islanders' involvement in diverse activities including tourism and aquaculture through the scheme would serve as an example of Malaysia's innovative approach in tackling rural poverty.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-6629547198567233926?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/6629547198567233926/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=6629547198567233926' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6629547198567233926'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6629547198567233926'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/pm-use-renewable-energy.html' title='PM: Use renewable energy'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-1772829984167935822</id><published>2007-08-13T22:30:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-13T22:31:12.178+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Indian PM says nuclear deal does not prohibit atomic weapons testing</title><content type='html'>NEW DELHI (AP): India is free to test nuclear weapons under a much-touted nuclear deal with the United States, the country's prime minister said Monday as lawmakers opposed to the pact noisily demanded the agreement be scrapped. &lt;br /&gt;The civilian nuclear cooperation deal reverses three decades of American policy by allowing the U.S. to send nuclear fuel and technology to India, which has never signed major international nonproliferation accords and has tested atomic weapons in the past. &lt;br /&gt;Since it was first announced in July 2005 it has been praised as a cornerstone of an emerging partnership between India and the United States after decades on opposite sides of the Cold War divide. But it has also drawn criticism in both countries. &lt;br /&gt;In India, many critics simply oppose closer ties with the United States, and some argue the pact undermines the country's cherished nuclear weapons program. &lt;br /&gt;Prime Minister Manmohan Singh insisted that was not the case in a speech to lawmakers Monday. &lt;br /&gt;"The agreement does not in any way affect India's right to undertake future nuclear tests if it is necessary in India's national interest,'' he said. &lt;br /&gt;As he spoke, lawmakers from the Hindu nationalist opposition and from communist parties that support Singh but oppose the deal sought to drown out the prime minister, shouting, "cancel the nuclear deal!'' &lt;br /&gt;Similar protests by lawmakers earlier in the day had forced the house to adjourn until Singh spoke in the afternoon. &lt;br /&gt;Singh's speech follows the sealing of a technical pact, known as the 1-2-3 agreement, which details how nuclear cooperation between New Delhi and Washington is to work. &lt;br /&gt;India got nearly everything it wanted in the 1-2-3 agreement, including the right to stockpile and reprocess atomic fuel. &lt;br /&gt;The deal also does not contain a test ban, and some clauses have been interpreted to mean that an Indian test would not automatically scuttle the deal if the move followed tests by either Pakistan or China, India's major rivals. &lt;br /&gt;But the U.S. Congress last year included a test ban when it created an exception for India to American laws that prohibit civilian nuclear cooperation with countries that have not signed the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. &lt;br /&gt;That law, which was needed before the technical agreement could be worked out, has been seized on by Indian opponents as evidence that the U.S. is seeking to constrain the South Asian country's long-standing weapons program. &lt;br /&gt;Although the Hindu nationalists have no chance of the defeating the deal, which does not need to be approved by Parliament, Singh's coalition government needs the communists for its parliamentary majority. &lt;br /&gt;Still, few people believed the communists would bring down the government over the matter. &lt;br /&gt;American critics, meanwhile, worry the deal will stymie U.S. anti-proliferation efforts, especially in Iran, and some have pointed to a lack of a test ban to support their case. &lt;br /&gt;Despite those concerns, U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman told reporters in New Delhi on Sunday that he was confident the pact would get the congressional approval it needs. &lt;br /&gt;Lieberman, on a three-day visit to India, said he hoped the agreement would transform the U.S.-India relationship "into the most important bilateral relationship we have in the next century of our history.'' &lt;br /&gt;Once U.S. lawmakers approve the deal, India needs to make separate agreements with the U.N. nuclear watchdog, the International Atomic Energy Agency, and the Nuclear Suppliers Group, an assembly of nations that export nuclear material.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-1772829984167935822?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/1772829984167935822/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=1772829984167935822' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/1772829984167935822'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/1772829984167935822'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/indian-pm-says-nuclear-deal-does-not_13.html' title='Indian PM says nuclear deal does not prohibit atomic weapons testing'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-8335668304211883972</id><published>2007-08-13T19:31:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-13T19:43:21.065+08:00</updated><title type='text'>China fokus kereta hibrik</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;SAIC belanjakan 100 juta yuan untuk penyelidikan kenderaan guna kuasa bateri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;KEHADIRAN model kenderaan alternatif menggunakan gas, minyak masak dan motor elektrik keluaran syarikat permotoran China antara produk automotif yang menjadi tumpuan di Pameran Auto Shanghai, baru-baru ini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ia memperlihatkan komitmen syarikat dari China menghasilkan jentera mesra alam dan menjimatkan.Ini membuktikan mereka serius untuk bersaing dengan pengeluar gergasi Eropah dan Jepun dalam pasaran automotif global.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Industri ini ada pasang dan surut, jika tidak menyertainya secara bersungguh-sungguh, anda akan ketinggalan,” kata Naib Presiden Chery Auto Co, Qin Lihong. Syarikat terbabit ialah pengeluar automotif domestik terbesar di China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kerajaan China menggalakkan pembangunan kenderaan alternatif untuk menangani masalah pencemaran dan kebergantungan terhadap import minyak. Ia juga mampu memberikan hasil lumayan kepada negara berkenaan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pengeluar automotif China kini menjalinkan kerjasama dengan pembuat kereta asing, menjalankan penyelidikan dengan universiti tempatan dan sokongan makmal kerajaan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kereta menghasilkan bahan buangan bersih kini menjadi polisi Beijing selain menjanjikan pelbagai insentif dan pemotongan cukai. Ini membolehkan syarikat automotif asing memindahkan teknologi berkenaan ke negara itu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Untuk memindahkan teknologi, kami perlu bekerjasama dengan pengeluar asing dan yakin boleh bersaing dan menghasilkan kenderaan menggunakan kuasa alternatif,” kata Presiden Shanghai Automotive Industries Corp (SAIC), Chen Hong.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pemerintah China kini mengenakan tekanan hebat terhadap industri automotif, besi dan kilang untuk mempertingkatkan penggunaan sumber kuasa berkesan bagi mengatasi masalah pencemaran.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;China melihat kebergantungan mereka dengan sumber minyak dari Asia Barat sebagai kelemahan strategik dan menyebabkan mereka hilang kawalan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Negara berkenaan kini pengguna kedua terbesar selepas Amerika Syarikat dan jumlah import minyaknya meningkat 14.5 peratus pada 2006 dengan pembangunan ekonominya tumbuh 10 peratus empat tahun berturut-turut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lonjakan jualan kenderaan terutama di bandar besar China menyebabkan kualiti alam sekitarnya merosot. Jualan kenderaan meningkat 25.1 peratus sejak tahun lalu iaitu 7.2 juta unit dengan 3.8 juta ialah kenderaan penumpang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di pameran Shanghai, SAIC dan Chery memperkenalkan kenderaan sedan eksperimen yang menggunakan kuasa bateri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sementara itu, pengeluar automotif ketiga terbesar China, Chang’an Automobile Group Co mempersembahkan kenderaan hibrid elektrik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menurut SAIC, bermula tahun depan mereka akan menjual hibrid, sementara Chery perlukan tiga tahun lagi untuk memasuki pasaran.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Hibrid adalah fokus kami, kenderaan menggunakan kuasa bateri adalah haluan kami,” kata Pengerusi SAIC, Hu Maoyan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SAIC membelanjakan 100 juta yuan (AS$12 juta) untuk penyelidikan kenderaan menggunakan kuasa bateri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chery yang menggunakan kesempatan itu untuk mempamerkan kenderaan alternatif mereka turut optimis mampu menghasilkan kenderaan menggunakan biodiesel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bahan bakar berkenaan dihasilkan dari minyak sayuran atau minyak serba boleh sebagai pilihan untuk diproses sebagai tenaga gas atau ethanol.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tidak dinafikan, pengeluar automotif asing kini turut berperanan dalam penyelidikan syarikat China. General Motors Corp sudah bekerjasama dengan SAIC di Shanghai dan membina tiga bas eksperimen menggunakan kuasa bateri untuk pemanduan dalam bandar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;DaimlerChrysler AG pula menghasilkan tiga bas yang menggunakan kuasa bateri di Beijing menerusi projek mereka dengan Kementerian Teknologi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pengeluar asing termasuk GM, Ford Motor Co, BMW AG dan Honda Motor Co turut mempamerkan kenderaan hibrid mereka di Shanghai.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menurut mereka, kenderaan menggunakan kuasa hidrogen menghasilkan kuasa tanpa pelepasan asap kenderaan. Tetapi ia memerlukan masa hampir sedekad untuk teknologi itu dikomersialkan selain menambah lebih banyak stesen hidrogen.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Kerajaan China kini turut melihat sumber kuasa lain seperti gas asli dan metana yang diekstrak daripada arang. Ia bukan keputusan yang mudah kerana ia mempunyai kebaikan dan keburukan,” kata Presiden Ford China, Mei-Wei Cheng.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:lucida grande;"&gt;               (Nurul Hidayah Sulong &amp;amp; Nur Haniza Zainal)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-8335668304211883972?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/8335668304211883972/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=8335668304211883972' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8335668304211883972'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8335668304211883972'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/china-fokus-kereta-hibrik.html' title='China fokus kereta hibrik'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-8859344279289441455</id><published>2007-08-12T22:38:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-12T22:51:45.822+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Audit tenaga di bangunan baru kerajaan</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;PUTRAJAYA:  Kementerian Tenaga, Air dan Komunikasi akan menjalankan audit tenaga terhadap tujuh bangunan kerajaan termasuk Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR), Unit Perancang Ekonomi (EPU), Hospital Selayang dan kem tentera di Jalan Ipoh bulan depan bagi memastikan kesemua bangunan tersebut menggunakan tenaga secara efisien, kata menterinya Datuk Seri Dr Lim Keng Yaik.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Katanya program itu akan diketuai Timbalan Ketua Setiausaha II kementerian itu, Loo Took Gee, yang akan memberikan nasihat-nasihat yang sewajarnya.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;"Walaupun dalam ucapan belanjawan yang lepas Perdana Menteri Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, yang juga Menteri Kewangan, telah mengumumkan bahawa sebagai permulaan, bangunan-bangunan kerajaan patut mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga sebanyak 10 peratus, saya tidak nampak sebarang usaha diambil ke arah pencapaian matlamat ini," katanya kepada pemberita selepas majlis pecah tanah bangunan Berlian Suruhanjaya Tenaga di sini hari ini.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Yang turut hadir ialah pengerusi Suruhanjaya Tenaga Datuk Ir Pian Sukro, pengarah urusan Senandung Budiman Wie Hock Kiong dan Loo.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sambil menyatakan dukacita beliau terhadap perkembangan itu, Lim berkata: "Saya fikir JKR, kementerian yang bertanggungjawab terhadap kerja-kerja pembinaan bangunan kerajaan patut memberi perhatian kepada isu perlunya perancangan tenaga bagi bangunan-bangunan baru kerajaan."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bagi bangunan-bangunan lama, katanya, mereka mesti berusaha melaksanaan penggunaan tenaga yang efisien.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tenaga yang efisien itu, katanya, adalah daripada segi corak dan reka bentuk yang sepadan dengan reka bentuk yang efisien tenaga.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Untuk bangunan-bangunan lama, terdapat peralatan untuk menjimatkan tenaga yang boleh dibeli dan dipasang pada sistem elektrik sesebuah bangunan, yang dapat membantu menjimatkan penggunaan tenaga.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mengenai bangunan Suruhanjaya Tenaga itu, Lim berkata satu daripada ciri-ciri bangunan baru itu ialah penggunaan tenaga yang efisien dan rendah, dan penggunaan tenaga yang rendah bermakna kurang menggunakan elektrik tetapi ia tetap dapat dikekalkan sepanjang masa.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;"Itulah cara yang sepatutnya bagi semua bangunan kerajaan di Malaysia," katanya. &lt;strong&gt;BERNAMA&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;(posted by istiqomah muhammad chaerun)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-8859344279289441455?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/8859344279289441455/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=8859344279289441455' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8859344279289441455'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8859344279289441455'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/audit-tenaga-di-bangunan-baru-kerajaan.html' title='Audit tenaga di bangunan baru kerajaan'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-8042690348300249421</id><published>2007-08-10T22:27:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-10T22:30:41.516+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Potensi kilang sawit jana elektrik dikaji</title><content type='html'>Oleh : &lt;a href="mailto:watie@mpob.gov.my"&gt;watie@mpob.gov.my&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;KUCHING: Kementerian Perusahaan Perladangan dan Komoditi akan menghantar pasukan penyelidik ke Sarawak untuk mengkaji potensi keupayaan industri sawit menjana tenaga kuasa sebagai langkah menangani masalah kekurangan bekalan elektrik di negeri itu.Menterinya, Datuk Peter Chin Fah Kui berkata demikian pada sidang media selepas perasmian Seminar Kebangsaan Pengilangan Minyak Sawit, Teknologi Penapisan, Kualiti dan Alam Sekitar 2&lt;a onmouseover="m4ShowLayer('m4adword', this, 4); return false;" onmouseout="m4MouseoutLayer('m4adword'); return false;" href="http://www.bharian.com.my/m/BHarian/Saturday/BeritaSawit/20060902130235/Article/#" target="_new"&gt;0&lt;/a&gt;06, anjuran Lembaga Minyak Sawit Malaysia (MPOB) di sini baru-baru ini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Kita akan melakukan penyelidikan bagi tujuan itu yang secara langsung membabitkan sektor hiliran industri sawit terutamanya bagi penghasilan tenaga elektrik dari bahan buangan sawit seperti tandan kosong buah sawit dan tempurung isirung sawit.”Datuk Peter Chin menjelaskan perkara itu sebagai reaksi pertamanya kepada saranan Ketua Menteri Sarawak, Pehin Sri Haji Abdul Taib Mahmud supaya kajian dilakukan ke atas potensi penjanaan kuasa elektrik dari biomas sawit untuk penduduk negeri Sarawak terutama di pedalaman ketika berucap merasmikan seminar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beliau berkata, kajian itu juga satu alternatif bagi menjana elektrik secara lebih luas untuk manfaat penduduk di kawasan pedalaman Sarawak .Tambahnya, kerajaan melalui MPOB dan swasta bersedia menjalankan kajian situasi dan potensi kemudahan yang boleh dieksploitasi daripada industri sawit bagi menjana kuasa elektrik di Sarawak.Datuk Peter Chin berkata, pada kebiasaannya, kilang sawit dilengkapi dengan kemudahan penjana elektrik dan sesetengah kilang sudah pun menggunakan bahan buangan sawit sebagai penjana tenaga itu. Lebihan tenaga yang dijana boleh dijual kepada Perbadanan Pembekalan Elektrik Sarawak (SESCo) untuk disalurkan kepada penduduk.”“Pelabur boleh membantu merealisasikan projek itu melalui pembinaan grid bagi membolehkan bekalan tenaga elektrik disalur kepada penduduk berhampiran kompleks kilang sawit kerana pembinaan grid mebabitkan kos tinggi,” katanya.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-8042690348300249421?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/8042690348300249421/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=8042690348300249421' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8042690348300249421'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8042690348300249421'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/potensi-kilang-sawit-jana-elektrik.html' title='Potensi kilang sawit jana elektrik dikaji'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-6419375716385351938</id><published>2007-08-10T21:59:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-10T22:08:55.498+08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='posted by Aida'/><title type='text'>Rumah sejuk jimat tenaga</title><content type='html'>Oleh Laupa Junus(Wartawan Utusan)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada Julai tahun 2001, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) melancarkan produk terbarunya, Cool Roof dan hasilnya satu Cool House (Rumah Sejuk) dapat dibina.&lt;br /&gt;Cool Roof itu merujuk kepada satu sistem penyejukan rumah tanpa pendingin hawa yang dikatakan mampu mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga dalam sebuah rumah. Dengan itu suhu dalam rumah lebih selesa.&lt;br /&gt;Produk terbaru itu adalah hasil penyelidikan dua penyelidik UPM iaitu Mohd. Peter Davis dan Nor Azian Nordin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menurut Nor Azian, komponen penting dalam sistem tersebut ialah penggunaan bumbung rumah menggunakan besi putih yang dikenali sebagai lysaght mewah tile, kerajang alumunium serta kapas batu (rock wool) sebagai penebat haba.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nor Azian berkata, UPM kini akan memajukan sistem tersebut dan bercadang membina sebuah rumah contoh jenis Quarter-D Houses (empat buah rumah dua tingkat satu bumbung) dengan setiap rumah mengandungi tiga bilik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rumah tersebut yang akan dikenali sebagai Rumah Suhu Selesa merupakan rumah reka bentuk baru yang menggunakan sepenuhnya teknologi Cool Roof tersebut iaitu pada semua bahagian bumbung dipasang dengan sistem berkenaan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beliau berkata, matlamat pembinaan rumah tersebut ialah bagi membuktikan keberkesanan sistem Cool Roof yang dipasang pada dua buah rumah contoh sejak setahun lalu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Katanya, Cool Roof kini sedang diuji di sebuah rumah teres setingkat di Taman Sri Serdang sejak tahun lepas dan sebuah lagi rumah teres dua tingkat di Subang Jaya setahun sebelum itu.&lt;br /&gt;Ujian awal menunjukkan satu keadaan yang selesa diperoleh dalam rumah tersebut selepas bumbung dipasang dengan Cool Roof setebal 15 sentimeter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;``Pemasangan sistem dibuat pada bumbung kerana 80 peratus haba diserap oleh bumbung,'' kata Nor Azian.&lt;br /&gt;Sistem Cool Roof boleh dipasang pada rumah yang sudah siap dengan anggaran kos RM10,000.&lt;br /&gt;Bagaimanapun katanya, ujian tersebut mungkin tidak begitu tepat membuktikan keberkesanan Cool Roof kerana kedua-dua rumah tersebut tidak menggunakan sepenuhnya sistem tersebut pada bahagian bumbung rumah.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;``Tambahan pula kita sukar mengawal gerakan atau kegiatan dalam rumah, jumlah penghuni yang tidak kekal serta jumlah tenaga yang dibebaskan daripada penghuni serta peralatan elektrik yang digunakan, tidak dapat dikawal sepenuhnya,'' katanya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bagaimanapun katanya, idea membina rumah tersebut timbul selepas pihaknya berjaya menggunakan sistem yang menunjukkan simulasi dalam rumah yang diperkenalkan oleh Universiti Teknikal Denmark.&lt;br /&gt;Pihaknya memilih universiti berkenaan kerana negara berkenaan merupakan salah sebuah negara yang terkenal dalam projek penjimatan tenaga.&lt;br /&gt;Universiti berkenaan memperkenalkan satu perisian yang dikenali sebagai BSim2002 dengan kos sebanyak RM14,000.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;``Dengan kerjasama Universiti Teknikal Denmark, kita berjaya mendapat idea bagaimana hendak hasilkan sebuah rumah berkonsep baru yang kita namakan Rumah Suhu Selesa.&lt;br /&gt;``Melalui program BSim 2002, kita mengenal pasti elemen penting untuk menghasilkan suhu selesa kerana mudah mengawal isi rumah dan mengawal apa juga kegiatan dalam rumah,'' katanya.&lt;br /&gt;Dengan adanya kawalan tersebut, pihaknya dapat menjangkakan pola perubahan suhu dalam rumah sepanjang tahun.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Selain itu katanya, selepas memperoleh profil suhu rumah, pihaknya boleh mengenal pasti faktor lain yang mempengaruhi suhu dalam rumah iaitu dinding, lantai, tingkap, bahan binaan, arah binaan dan keadaan di halaman rumah.&lt;br /&gt;Katanya, suhu yang paling selesa dalam sebuah rumah ialah 280C manakala jika berada di bawah kipas suhunya ialah 300C.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dengan adanya teknologi baru dalam menjangka keadaan suhu rumah menggunakan perisian Bsim2002, maka suhu di dalam rumah boleh dikurangkan sebanyak 40C.&lt;br /&gt;``Selepas menggunakan sistem ini suhu dapat diturunkan kepada antara 290C dan 300C,'' katanya.&lt;br /&gt;Pendek kata, reka bentuk binaan dan sistem Rumah Suhu Selesa UPM itu akan menggunakan sistem Cool Roof serta hasil simulasi daripada BSim2002.&lt;br /&gt;Rumah ini direka khas untuk menggunakan tenaga secara efisien yang hanya memerlukan kaedah pengudaraan sebelah malam bagi mengekalkan suhu selesa, katanya.&lt;br /&gt;Rumah ini katanya hanya memberikan 1.7 unit ketidakselesaan suhu terutama di tingkat atas berbanding 18.7 unit bagi rumah teres biasa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ia mampu mengekalkan suhu di dalam rumah dengan hanya tambahan RM12 bagi kos elektrik sebulan dengan suhu rumah pada 300C. Ini berlainan dengan rumah teres biasa yang memerlukan kos yang tinggi untuk mewujudkan suhu yang sama.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menurut beliau, kajian untuk mewujudkan satu sistem penjimatan tenaga dan menghasilkan suhu selesa dalam rumah bermula sejak 14 tahun lalu.&lt;br /&gt;Kajian awal daripada rumah kampung mendapati haba panas dalam rumah dikesan pada waktu siang yang kemuncaknya berlaku antara 10 pagi dan 4 petang tetapi bertukar sejuk pada waktu malam. Ini berlainan dengan rumah teres yang sentiasa dalam keadaan panas dan hanya selesa untuk 5 jam sahaja.&lt;br /&gt;Daripada kajian mendapati, profil suhu persekitaran adalah berbeza iaitu suhu selesa dapat dirasai lebih daripada 14 jam, terutamanya pada waktu malam. Dengan kelebihan itu, ia memberi kita idea untuk menukar udara panas di dalam rumah dengan udara sejuk persekitaran.&lt;br /&gt;Justeru Rumah Suhu Selesa itu bukan sahaja mengambil kira bumbung sebagai penebat haba tetapi bahagian lain seperti bahan binaan, tingkap dan arah kedudukan juga memainkan peranan dalam proses penghasilan Rumah Suhu Selesa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;``Faktor dinding pula tidak kurang pentingnya kerana dinding yang mempunyai kapasiti haba yang tinggi serta bertebat, kerana ia akan bertindak sebagai penampan dan menghalang kenaikan suhu secara tiba-tiba iaitu pada waktu malam udara sejuk dari luar akan disedut masuk untuk menggantikan udara panas yang terperangkap di dalam rumah,'' katanya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rumah tersebut katanya dijangka siap pada 2004 dan dianggarkan bernilai RM45,000 (tidak termasuk harga tanah dan juga infrastruktur yang utama).&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-6419375716385351938?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/6419375716385351938/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=6419375716385351938' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6419375716385351938'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/6419375716385351938'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/rumah-sejuk-jimat-tenaga_10.html' title='Rumah sejuk jimat tenaga'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5564775248748725022</id><published>2007-08-09T19:39:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-09T19:40:59.276+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Pengurusan Berkesan Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar</title><content type='html'>Langkah-langkah akan diambil untuk melindungi dan memulihara alam sekitar dan sumber asli bagi memnuhi keperluan dan aspirasi penduduk negara, khususnya berkaitan dengan keupayaan pengeluaran sumber-sumber seperti tanah , hutan, keperlbagaian biologi dan air.&lt;br /&gt;Satu inventori dan audit kebangsaan mengenai alam sekitar dan sumber asli akan diselenggara dan dikemaskini secara berterusan dengan menekankan kepada hakisan dan penggantian sumber, sebagai panduan dalam merumuskan dasar dan membuat keputusan.  Sistem pengawasan alam sekitar yang sesuai akan diwujudkan untuk memboleh serta memudahkan penilaian terhadap kesan projek-projek dan program pembangunan kepada alam sekitar dan kesihatan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kawasan sumber asli, khususnya yang mengandungi ekosistem dan habitat yang kaya dengan unsur-unsur hayat, akan diwujud dan dikekalkan sebagai zon bagi pemuliharaan serta perlindungan flora dan fauna asli dan sumber-sumber genetik.&lt;br /&gt;Perancangan gunatanah dan pelaksanaannya akan berteraskan kepada penilaian menyeluruh ke atas parameter-parameter kritikal seperti kesesuaian, keupayaan dan keperluan memulihara tanah dengan mengambilkira kehendak mesyarakat masa kini dan masa hadapan.  Teknik pemetaan sumber dan sistem maklumat geografi yang memperjelaskan kaasan-kawasan sensitif seperti tanah lembap, akan digunapakai di mana mungkin.&lt;br /&gt;Penekanan khas akan diberikan untk mengurangkan kemerosotan tanah seperti hakisan tanah dan kemerosostan akibat aktiviti perlombongan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hutan negara dan sumber-sumbernya akan diurus secara lestari untuk menghasilkan faedah ekonomi yang berterusan dan lestari, serta keserasian dengan kestabilan alam sekitar, keseimbangan ekologi dan kestabilan sosial masyarakat yang menguguki kawasan sedemikian.&lt;br /&gt;Satu inventori yang sistematik dan menyeluruh mengenai sumber air sedia ada dan yang berpotensi, termasuk air bawah tanah, akan diwujudkan, dan satu pelan kebangsaan jangka panjang akan disediakan bagi pengurusan dan perlindungan air untuk mencegah pembaziran, menghapus pencemaran dan menggalakkan guna semula serta penggunaan yang cekap dan berpatutan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bagi pengurusan lembangan sungai dan projek pembangunan yang berkaitan, prosedur tertentu untuk perancangan, termasuk pengkelasan penggunaan bermanfaat, penyelarasan dan pemantauan akan digabungkan untuk memastikan kelestarian.Lautan, zon pantai, tasik, sungai paya bakau dan tanah lembap yang lain, pulau, rumput laut dan terumbu karang mesti diuruskan mengikut pengurusan mesra alam sekitar termasuk mencegah amalan pengambilan sembarangan sumber hidupan laut dan akuatik.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Penjimatan tenaga dan penggunaan teknologi dan proses cekap tenaga akan digalakkan melalui mekanisme harga berpatutan, penetapan standard kecekapan, pemindahan teknologi  dan penyediaan maklumat untuk pengguna.  Penggunaan bahan api fosil yang lebih bersih dan alternatif kepada bahan api fosil akan digalakkan.   Pelaburan dalam penyelidikan dan pembangunan sumber tenaga yang bersih dan boleh diperbaharui akan ditingkatkan.&lt;br /&gt;Langkah-langkah akan diambil untuk memulihara dan melindungi umsur-unsur warisan sejarah, sosial dan kebudayaan kebangsaan, termasuk bentuk dan lanskap-lanskap semulajadi yang menonjol.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5564775248748725022?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5564775248748725022/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5564775248748725022' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5564775248748725022'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5564775248748725022'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/pengurusan-berkesan-sumber-asli-dan.html' title='Pengurusan Berkesan Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-8218899274859976697</id><published>2007-08-06T10:50:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-06T11:28:11.939+08:00</updated><title type='text'>MENINGKATKAN KECEKAPAN PENGGUNAAN TENAGA</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Kenaikan harga minyak mentah akan menyebabkan subsidi terhadap petroleum dan sumber tenaga lain seperti elektrik meningkat. Adalah penting untuk setiap individu berjimat cermat dalam menggunakan sumber tenaga. Sektor swasta juga tidak boleh bergantung kepada subsidi untuk kekal kompetitif, sebaliknya perlu lebih cekap dan bijak dalam menggunakan sumber tenaga, termasuk dalam proses pengeluaran. Dengan itu, langkah akan diambil untuk menggalakkan pengguna lebih cekap dan bijak dalam menggunakan tenaga serta mengelakkan pembaziran. Walau bagaimanapun, Kerajaan komited untuk memastikan bahawa pengguna berpendapatan rendah tidak akan menanggung beban. Kerajaan akan menerajui usaha menjimat tenaga. Saya percaya masih ada banyak ruang untuk kita menjimatkan penggunaan tenaga. Semua agensi kerajaan diberi sasaran untuk mencapai 10 peratus penjimatan penggunaan tenaga pada tahun 2006. Amalan seperti membiarkan alat penghawa dingin berada pada suhu terlalu rendah atau membiarkan lampu terpasang apabila tiada orang di pejabat merupakan pembaziran semata-mata.Selain penjimatan penggunaan tenaga, Kerajaan bercadang untuk terus menggalakkan pelaburan di dalam peralatan yang rendah penggunaan tenaganya. Kerajaan mencadangkan agar insentif yang diberikan kepada syarikat yang menawarkan perkhidmatan penjimatan tenaga, dilanjutkan tempohnya untuk lima tahun lagi sehingga tahun 2010. Selain itu, Kerajaan juga bercadang untuk memberikan Elaun Cukai Pelaburan sebanyak 60 peratus kepada modal yang dibelanjakan bagi tujuan meningkatkan penjimatan tenaga, kepada pemilik bangunan. Di samping itu, garispanduan pembinaan bangunan perlu dikemaskini agar dapat menekankan aspek kecekapan penggunaan tenaga di bangunan baru.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-8218899274859976697?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/8218899274859976697/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=8218899274859976697' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8218899274859976697'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8218899274859976697'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/meningkatkan-kecekapan-penggunaan.html' title='MENINGKATKAN KECEKAPAN PENGGUNAAN TENAGA'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-2411976192423498452</id><published>2007-08-04T17:44:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-04T18:00:21.328+08:00</updated><title type='text'>WATER ENERGY USE IN CALIFORNIA</title><content type='html'>&lt;a name="main"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Water use in California consumes significant amounts of electrical energy. Preliminary estimates indicate that total energy used to pump and treat this water exceeds 15,000 GWh per year, or at least 6.5 percent of the total electricity used in the State per year. This energy use is expected to increase due to a growing population, increasing reuse of wastewater, the remoteness or lower quality of alternative water sources, and increasingly stringent treatment requirements due to a variety of water quality and environmental protection concerns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Water use results in such large energy costs primarily because so much of the State's water demand is located far from available sources, and the moving of water is inherently energy intensive. An acre-foot of water, the volume of water which would cover an acre of land to a depth of one foot--enough water to serve a family of five for a year--weighs approximately 1,400 tons. In total, California uses about 42.6 million acre-feet of water per year for agricultural, municipal, and industrial purposes, weighing some 550 million tons. Significant amounts of energy are also involved in other areas of water use, including water treatment, reclamation, and desalination.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The State Water Project, which moves large quantities of water great distances and over steep terrain, is the largest single user of electrical energy in the State. It accounts for 2 to 3 percent of all the electricity consumed in California. The SWP uses an average of 5,000 GWh per year.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here "water used" means water used for agricultural and urban purposes. It does not, therefore, include the 37 million acre-feet of water annually committed to remain in rivers and lakes for environmental purposes. Also, unless otherwise indicated, figures given for annual water and energy use are for average years.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Imported Water Supplies&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In California, there are eight large water projects that take water from one region and transport it for use in a different region: the State Water Project (SWP), the federal Central Valley Project (CVP), the Los Angeles Aqueduct, the Hetch-Hetchy Aqueduct, the Mokelumne Aqueduct, the Colorado River Aqueduct, the All-American Canal and the Coachella Canal. The SWP, CVP and the three Colorado River projects deliver over 15.3 million acre-feet of water per year. The State and federal projects in particular require substantial pumping to transport water from the Sacramento Valley to the Central Valley, the San Francisco Bay Area, and Southern California. The lift of SWP water to the top of the Tehachapi's for delivery to Southern California is the largest of these pumping efforts and requires over 2,200 kWh per acre-foot of water pumped.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reservoirs also generate electrical energy, and water projects are most often net producers of electrical energy. The net energy demands of surface water suppliers vary from project to project. For the SWP, energy demand also varies from customer to customer. For example, SWP water delivered to Bakersfield in the Kern County Agency requires a net energy input of 366 kWh/acre-foot; for water delivered to Los Angeles (at Castaic Lake Reservoir), a net of 1,666 kWh/acre-foot; and for water delivered to the San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District, a net of 3,824 kWh/acre-foot.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The current trend is for increasingly energy intensive water projects to store excess water in wet years, since most of the accessible water sources have already been developed. For example, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California is constructing the East Side Reservoir in Riverside County. This 800,000 acre-foot reservoir is larger than all current Southern California reservoirs combined, has been constructed in a valley with no natural water source, and will take at least four years to fill with water pumped from the Colorado River and northern California.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Groundwater &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Groundwater contributes approximately 30 percent of the water used in California, or about 14.0 million acre-feet per year. (This figure includes about 1.5 million acre-feet per year of groundwater overdraft. "Overdraft" is where pumping exceeds the replenishment of the aquifer.) Agriculture uses the greater part of the groundwater used statewide. Generally groundwater must be pumped to be put to use, requiring energy to lift it to the surface. Most groundwater is used locally in the area overlying the aquifer from which it is drawn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The amount of energy used in pumping groundwater is unknown due to the lack of complete information on well-depth and groundwater use. DWR has estimated groundwater use and average well depths in three areas responsible for almost two-thirds of the groundwater used in the State: the Tulare Lake basin, the San Joaquin River basin, and the Central Coast region. Based on these estimates, energy used for groundwater pumping in these areas would average 2,250 GWh per year at a 70 percent pumping efficiency (1.46 kWh/acre-foot/foot of lift). In the Tulare Lake area, with an average well depth of 120 feet, pumping would require 175 kWh per acre-foot of water. In the San Joaquin River and Central Coast areas, with average well depths of 200 feet, pumping would require 292 kWh per acre-foot of water.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sources of Alternative Water Supplies&lt;/strong&gt; - DWR anticipates that the demand for water will continue to exceed the supply of developed sources for at least the next twenty-five years. Since traditional water development (i.e., dams) is both expensive and controversial, there is much interest in new sources of water. Two in particular are reclamation and desalination. Development of these sources has been limited because of their cost. A significant factor in the cost of reclamation and desalination is their intensive energy requirements. Therefore, they are likely candidates for energy efficiency improvements.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;    &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Water Reclamation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; - Treated municipal effluent may be made available for other uses. Generally, reclaimed water may be used for municipal purposes that do not involve human contact or consumption, such as residential landscape irrigation, golf course watering, and industrial cooling water. Depending on the intended re-use, this water usually requires more extensive and energy intensive treatment than does wastewater that is discharged to the environment. Reclaimed water is increasingly being considered for reuse for domestic water consumption. At this time, water quality standards and caution require complete retreatment of the wastewater. This is being done in two ways: feeding the treated wastewater back through a water treatment plant; and recharging groundwater aquifers, which naturally purifies the water and also subjects it to treatment and disinfection when it is withdrawn. This extra pumping and "double-treatment" results in significantly higher energy requirements than for traditional water sources. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;  &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Desalination&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; - Desalting brackish groundwater, as well as some surface water, agricultural and municipal wastewater, and seawater is the other emerging source of new water in the State. DWR expects that over the next twenty years it will not account for much more than a few tenths of a percent of all the water used in California. The primary desalination technology in use today is reverse osmosis, accounting for 90 percent of the water desalted in California. Reverse osmosis filters salty water under pressure through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving the salts behind. Currently, energy constitutes about 50 percent of the costs of reverse osmosis desalination, and energy costs alone can exceed $1,000/acre-foot. By comparison, it costs the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California an average of $115-$135 for one acre-foot of treated SWP water. There are numerous research efforts underway to develop more effective and less costly desalination methods. Recent developments in low-pressure membranes show promise for reducing energy requirements of desalination, and significant opportunities remain for further technology improvements. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Agricultural Use&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agricultural water use in the State constitutes 80 percent of all water used in California, or about 33.8 million acre-feet per year. Once water has been delivered to a field, whether by being pumped from the ground or pumped from a stream or canal, "furrow" and flood irrigation, the most common irrigation methods, rely on gravity to distribute the water over the field. Increasingly, farmers are using water-conserving pressurized pipe systems, such as sprinklers or low volume systems. These require pumps and extra energy to supply the pressure these systems require. Today, 87 percent of these pumps are electric.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Agriculture uses about 21.8 million acre-feet of surface water and 12 million acre-feet of groundwater per year and it is generally not treated before it is used. Treated municipal wastewater is, however, a source of agricultural water supply, with about one-third of the water reclaimed in California used for agricultural purposes (155,000 acre-feet). In 1995, agriculture used approximately 4,400 GWh of electricity for pumping and irrigation purposes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Urban Use&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Urban water use constitutes about 20 percent of the water used in California, or 8.8 million acre-feet per year. Water delivered to a municipal water supplier has two additional energy requirements before it can become available to the customer: treatment and pressurization. Water delivered through municipal systems generally must be pressurized, using pumps to store water in aboveground tanks or to pressurize water mains directly for distribution and for water pressure for the customer.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About 6.7 million acre-feet of surface water and 2.1 million acre-feet of groundwater are used in urban areas per year. In 1995, non-residential urban water suppliers consumed approximately 8,600 GWh of electricity, not including those industries having their own water supply and the energy requirements for water use in industrial processes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;   &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Water Treatment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; - Municipal water treatment can involve several processes to make water suitable for human consumption. These include aeration (for taste and odor), sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination or other forms of disinfection. The primary use of electricity in the treatment process is for pumping water through the treatment process and to storage before use by the customer. New treatment processes to meet emerging health concerns, such as ultraviolet radiation and ozonation, are also high energy consumers. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;  &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Residential and Commercial Use&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt; - Residential and commercial uses are extremely similar. Residential uses include drinking, cooking, washing, bathing, and landscape maintenance. Commercial activities also include many of these same uses, either as amenities for personnel or, for example in the case of hotels and restaurants or cleaning services, as part of the product and services they provide. Most of the water used in this sector is for landscape irrigation. Additional energy requirements for residential and commercial water use are for heating water for cleaning, cooking, bathing, and laundry, which largely uses natural gas rather than electricity. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Industrial Use&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; - Industrial users may receive their water from municipal water suppliers, or they may have their own sources of water. Industrial use may have water treatment requirements different from other urban uses of water, usually to protect against corrosion and mineralization of plant fixtures and equipment. There are three general ways in which water is used in industry: for machine or product cooling water; for process water (i.e., water that is used in the production process, such as in the food and beverage industries and the paper products industries); and for boiler feed for steam energy and electrical generation. Cooling is the largest use of water in industry and its main energy requirement is for pumping to circulate the water. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Future Water Demand and Use&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;DWR indicates that water use in California is expected to grow by less than 1% over the next twenty-five years. At the same time, population is expected to increase from 32.1to 47.5 million people by the year 2020. DWR, however, expects water shortages to decrease over the next 25 years, due to increased reclamation and desalination, transfers, and some surface water and groundwater development. DWR forecasts demand reduction in both agriculture and the urban sector, as well as a net shift of about 4 million acre-feet from agricultural to urban use. In part, this will be brought about by a shift to less water-intensive crops; and by a reduction in irrigated lands of about 325,000 acres due to urban encroachment and drainage problems.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A significant element in projected increased supplies is reclamation and desalination, of about 450,000 to 600,000 thousand acre-feet per year. This is compared to an estimated total water supply shortfall of 200,000 acre-feet in a normal year. Although they will remain a small portion of total water use even by 2020, new reclamation and desalination efforts are expected to play a relatively large role in minimizing California's expected water imbalance. And with increased utilization of reclamation and desalination will come increased energy use.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Urban water suppliers are moving in the direction of energy-intensive and costly alternatives to conventional methods of disinfection, such as ozonation and ultraviolet radiation, for health and safety reasons. The Environmental Protection Agency is imposing new and more stringent regulatory standards under the federal Safe Drinking Water Act for suspected carcinogens and other health risks caused by disinfection with chlorine. In addition, most conventional disinfection is ineffective against the pathogens Giardia and Cryptosporidium found in some surface water supplies. Finally, the use of chlorine poses environmental and human safety risks in storage and handling. The addition of these treatment technologies can increase energy consumption at a typical water treatment plant by 10-20 percent, and some plants may face even greater increases in energy use.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;( Nur Haniza Zainal ", )&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-2411976192423498452?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/2411976192423498452/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=2411976192423498452' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/2411976192423498452'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/2411976192423498452'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/water-energy-use-in-california.html' title='WATER ENERGY USE IN CALIFORNIA'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-1843271739092408373</id><published>2007-08-03T22:09:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-03T22:11:44.107+08:00</updated><title type='text'>KNM wants to build renewable energy facilities overseas</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="text"&gt;&lt;p&gt; SERI KEMBANGAN: KNM Group Bhd is eyeing jobs to build renewable energy facilities overseas after securing its first contract at home, managing director Lee Swee Eng said. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; This includes bidding for a project to construct an ethanol plant in Brazil, where the group's process equipment manufacturing facility was targeted to start operation early next year. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; "Part of KNM's growth strategy is to tap into the renewable energy sector,'' Lee told reporters after the signing ceremony for a RM122mil contract to design and construct a biodiesel plant for Mission Biofuels Ltd, a company listed in Australia. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; The KNM group currently has 11 process equipment manufacturing facilities, five of which are in Malaysia, two in Australia and one each in Italy, China, the United Arab Emirates and Indonesia. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; The biodiesel plant, which is to be Mission Biofuels' second in the country, is located next to its existing site in Kuantan Port, Pahang. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; The new plant is targeted to have a biodiesel production capacity of 250,000 tonnes annually when completed in August next year, compared to the first plant capacity of 100,000 tonnes a year. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; The first plant would start shipment by mid-September this year, Mission Biofuels' managing director Nathan Mahalingam said at the press conference after the ceremony on Wednesday. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;  "Even at current crude palm oil (CPO) prices, the project is still feasible,'' he said. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; He added that although there are concerns that bio-diesel plants are not viable - with CPO price in the futures market at above RM2,500 per tonne - the company had already secured a five year off-take agreement with a major European based buyer for a large portion of its targeted combined 350,000 tonnes a year output. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Mission Biofuels also has a feedstock supply agreement with Cargill, which is building a palm oil storage facility in Kuantan Port.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; Mahalingam said apart from biodiesel, the plant would also produce other high value products such as pure glycerine that would allow the venture to remain profitable. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt; The 250,000 tonnes per year capacity plant would be the largest biodiesel plant in Malaysia and the first in Asia to use the latest technology from Axens of France. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(istiqomah muhammad chaerun)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-1843271739092408373?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/1843271739092408373/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=1843271739092408373' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/1843271739092408373'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/1843271739092408373'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/knm-wants-to-build-renewable-energy.html' title='KNM wants to build renewable energy facilities overseas'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5074573714938345976</id><published>2007-08-02T11:42:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-02T11:43:48.372+08:00</updated><title type='text'>China Giat Mengkaji dan Menggunakan Teknolgi Tenaga Nuklear</title><content type='html'>China agak kurang sumber tenaga, dan secara menyeluruh menggunakan arang batu dan minyak, di samping giat mengkaji dan menggunakan tenaga nuklear. Baru baru ini, Reaktor Suhu Tinggi 10 MW yg disejukkan dgn Gas yg direka-bentuk dan dibina oleh Universiti Tsinghua—universiti yg terkenal di China telah beroperasi dgn berjaya selama 72 jam. Ia melambangkan China menjadi negara kelima yg menguasai teknologi tersebut selepas A.S, Britain, Jerman dan Jepun. Encik Wang Dazhong (???)—pakar teknologi tenaga nuklear yg terkenal di China menjelaskan bhw China mengembangkan reaktor suhu tinggi yg disejukkan dgn gas, kerana ia mempunyai kemajuannya. Beliau berkata,&lt;br /&gt;“Reaktor suhu tinggi yg disejukkan dgn gas ialah reaktor yg maju yg diakui di dunia, kelebihannya termasuk: selamat, keefisienannya tinggi, lingkungan penggunaannya luas. Antara perkembangan tenaga elektrik nuklear pada masa akan datang, ia dianggap sebagai salah satu reaktor yg maju di dunia.”&lt;br /&gt;Profesor Wu Zongxin (???) dari Universiti Tsinghua yg bertugas mengkaji projek tersebut berpendapat bhw berkat kemajuan, reaktor suhu tinggi yg disejukkan dgn gas mempunyai masa depan penggunaan yg cerah dan luas. Beliau berkata,&lt;br /&gt;“Reaktor tersebut sesuai digunakan dalam penjanaan kuasa nuklear yg berkapasiti rendah dan sederhana, kerana keefisienannya tinggi dan sistemnya ringkas, ada kemungkinan kapasitinya berjumlah ratusan bilion sahaja, sudah boleh mencapai skop ekonomi yg tertentu. Ia sesuai digunakan di kawasan kering yg kekurangan air,”&lt;br /&gt;Pakar tenaga nuklear China berkata, reaktor itu yg dikaji dan dibina oleh China baru baru ini adalah sejenis kemudahan nuklear yg selamat, dan boleh mencegah berlakunya kemalangan kebocoran radioaktif. Selain itu, ia juga menggunakan teknologi yg istimewa. Encik Qian Jihui (???) –pakar teknolgi nuklear China yg sudah lama bekerja dgn Badan Tenaga Atom Antarabangsa, ketika menilai projek reaktor itu berkata, memandangkan pegawai sains dan teknologi China mencapai banyak kemajuan dalam projek itu, ia turut diperhatikan oleh kalangan pakar tenaga nuklear antarabangsa.&lt;br /&gt;“Reaktor suhu tinggi 10 MW yg disejukkan dgn gas dibina dgn berjaya, ia merupakan satu kejayaan besar yg dicapai oleh China dalam bidang pengkajian dan penerokaan tenaga elektrik menggunakan kuasa nuklear dan melambangkan China telah mencapai taraf tinggi dalam bidang tersebut di peringkat arena antarabangsa.”&lt;br /&gt;Menteri Sains dan Teknologi China Xu Guanhua (???) ketika diwawancara oleh wartawan CRI telah menyatakan bhw kemajuan yg dicapai China dalam bidang pengkajian reaktor suhu tinggi yg disejukkan odgn gas, akan mempengaruhi dasar sumber tenaga di China. Beliau berkata,&lt;br /&gt;“China telah mencapai kemajuan besar dalam bidang teknologi tenaga nuklear, ia mempunyai makna yg penting bagi China membina reaktor nuklear yg baru dan akan mempengaruhi penggubalan dasar sumber tenaga China”.&lt;br /&gt;Pada masa ini, kapasiti penjanaan kuasa nuklear di China berjumlah 5.4 juta kilovat dan akan mencapai 9 juta kilovat 3 tahun kemudian, waktu itu, jumlah penjanaan kuasa nuklear akan menduduki lebih kurang 3% jumlah keseluruhan di China.&lt;br /&gt;---AZMI&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5074573714938345976?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5074573714938345976/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5074573714938345976' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5074573714938345976'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5074573714938345976'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/08/china-giat-mengkaji-dan-menggunakan.html' title='China Giat Mengkaji dan Menggunakan Teknolgi Tenaga Nuklear'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-3674458596430232776</id><published>2007-08-01T02:03:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-01T02:07:41.783+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Malaysia perlu bangunkan tenaga suria</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.utusan.com.my/pix/2006/1219/utusan_malaysia/bicara_agama/ba_01_big.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer; width: 254px; height: 374px;" src="http://www.utusan.com.my/pix/2006/1219/utusan_malaysia/bicara_agama/ba_01_big.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;ALLAH menjadikan bumi ini sebagai tempat berlindung sementara selagi manusia masih hidup. Manusia pula perlu mengkaji untuk menggunakan segala khazanah atau sumber yang disediakan oleh Allah untuk kemaslahatan umat.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ini kerana semua yang dijadikan Allah di muka bumi ini mempunyai tugas dan matlamat tertentu.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ini bertepatan dengan firman Allah: Dia menundukkan untukmu apa-apa yang di langit dan apa-apa yang ada di bumi semuanya (sebagai kurnia) daripada-Nya. Sungguh pada demikian itu beberapa ayat (keterangan) bagi kaum yang berfikir. (Al-Jaatsiyah: 13).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Bagi mengupas persoalan sumber tenaga alternatif, wartawan MOHD. RADZI MOHD. ZIN dan jurufoto, AZLI AHAD menemu bual Pengarah Pusat Pengurusan Penyelidikan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Prof. Dr. Mohd. Yusof Othman.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;UTUSAN MALAYSIA: Apakah kaitan penggunaan tenaga dengan hasrat Malaysia menjadi negara maju menjelang tahun 2020?&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;PROF. DR. YUSOF:&lt;/b&gt; Secara umumnya, semua orang menyedari kepentingan tenaga dalam hidup manusia. Ini kerana tidak ada objek yang boleh bergerak tanpa tenaga. Sebab itu, antara kriteria negara maju ialah ia mesti ada pergerakan yang banyak seperti pergerakan kenderaan yang banyak.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Dalam masa yang sama, untuk mencapai perkara itu kita mesti mempunyai sumber bekalan tenaga yang mencukupi. Namun, tenaga yang kita peroleh selalunya bukan dalam bentuk yang terus boleh digunakan. Manusia kena berfikir bagaimana hendak menggunakannya. Contoh, untuk mendapat bekalan tenaga daripada kayu api kita perlu membakarnya. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Apakah antara faktor yang mendorong kepada peningkatan permintaan terhadap tenaga masa kini?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Dulu, kita menggunakan otot binatang seperti lembu, gajah dan kerbau untuk mendapat tenaga dalam mengerjakan sawah bendang namun apabila semua ini diganti dengan penggunaan mesin secara meluas maka keperluan terhadap tenaga semakin bertambah. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Revolusi Industri turut membawa kepada perpindahan daripada penggunaan otot atau kudrat bagi mendapat tenaga kepada penggunaan mesin yang memerlukan bekalan elektrik. Secara mudahnya, ada korelasi antara peningkatan jumlah penduduk dengan pertambahan penggunaan tenaga. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Adalah dijangka permintaan terhadap tenaga akan terus meningkat di mana dianggarkan penduduk dunia berjumlah kira-kira 8 bilion pada tahun 2050. Apa yang menjadi kebimbangan ialah sumber tenaga di perut bumi seperti minyak dan gas ini adalah terhad. Ia tidak boleh ditanam semula atau diganti. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Dunia sudah mula merasai kesan pemanasan global akibat penggunaan tenaga yang semakin banyak. Apakah alternatif dalam hal ini?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Apabila kita menggunakan terlalu banyak tenaga, ia menyebabkan pemanasan udara seterusnya membawa kepada peningkaan suhu dunia. Malah, suhu dunia kini meningkat sebanyak &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;8°C. Dalam tempoh 100 tahun, paras air laut global meningkat antara 10 ke 25 sentimeter akibat pemanasan haba.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Natijahnya, kita dapati beberapa negara seperti Amsterdam di Belanda kini berada di bawah paras laut. Dunia juga mengalami 12 kali suhu yang amat panas sejak 15 tahun dalam tempoh 145 tahun lepas.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Glasier (kawasan berais) di Alaska turut cair yang mana jumlahnya menurun sebanyak 610 meter pada tahun 2004 berbanding tahun 1941. Di Argentina juga menunjukkan senario yang sama yang mana glasier Upsala pada tahun 1928 hampir lenyap pada tahun 2004. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sebab itu banyak negara kini mula mencari sumber tenaga alternatif yang mesra alam. Ini pun ada kekangan kerana kita terpaksa mengimportnya menyebabkan kita bergantung kepada orang lain. Selain itu, ia meningkatkan pergantungan kepada politik antarabangsa. Apabila berlaku krisis, maka kita akan mengalami kesannya. Contohnya, pergantungan kepada minyak dari Iraq terjejas apabila negara itu dikenakan sekatan ekonomi. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Jadi, sumber tenaga alternatif yang paling popular masa kini ialah tenaga suria.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ada pihak yang meragui keupayaan tenaga suria selain beranggapan kosnya lebih mahal. Benarkah tanggapan begini?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sumber tenaga ada empat iaitu suria, biojisim, air pasang surut dan nuklear. Sebenarnya, masyarakat kita sudah pun menggunakan tenaga suria tetapi ia lebih kepada penggunaan air panas untuk mandi dan juga udara panas untuk mengeringkan sesuatu seperti tembakau, koko dan sebagainya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Jadi, apa yang perlu dipergiatkan kini ialah memperluaskan penggunaan teknologi tenaga suria ini agar ia mencapai tahap kos efektif. Kita sudah ada teknologi untuk menukar tenaga matahari kepada haba. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Negara maju seperti Jepun, telah lama menggunakan tenaga suria kerana menyedari bahawa sumber tenaga sedia ada adalah terhad. Malah, kerajaan Jepun memberi insentif kepada pihak yang melabur untuk menghasilkan tenaga suria yang boleh dimanfaatkan untuk kegunaan umum.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Kos memang satu masalah tetapi ia tidak sepatutnya menghalang kita membangunkan teknologi suria. Analoginya mudah, umum mengetahui kereta mewah mencecah harga RM500,000 sebuah tetapi masih ramai rakyat Malaysia yang mampu membelinya. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Kos tidak boleh dijadikan penghalang kita membangunkan teknologi ini. Malaysia mempunyai sumber alam yang banyak. Apa yang perlu dibuat ialah duduk berbincang mencari jalan bagaimana memajukan sistem tenaga solar. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Apakah antara teknologi solar yang sedia ada di Malaysia?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Selama ini kebanyakan proses pengeringan tanaman seperti padi dan tembakau dibuat menggunakan diesel. Bagi produk seperti ikan bilis, lada dan pisang, ia menggunakan sistem pengeringan terbuka bersimen.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Kita mempunyai beberapa teknologi tenaga solar yang boleh dimanfaatkan untuk mengambil tempat kaedah-kaedah pengeringan hasil pertanian yang sedia ada. Sebelum ini, kita menggunakan Pengumpul Plat Datar di bumbung rumah atau bangunan bagi mendapakan tenaga solar.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Kini, kita mempunyai Sistem Pengeringan Suria Olakan Tabii yang intensif buruh. Selain itu, UKM juga telah membangunkan Sistem Pengeringan Suria dengan Pengumpul Lekuk-V dan Sistem Pengeringan Suria Nyah Lembapan. Sistem ini mengurangkan kelembapan sebanyak 80 peratus dan ia juga boleh digunakan untuk mengeringkan produk herba. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Kita juga membangunkan Sistem Pengeringan Fotovoltan (PVT) yang menukarkan cahaya matahari untuk menghasilkan elektrik. Ia bagi membekalkan haba sama ada air atau udara panas. Sistem ini boleh digunapakai secara meluas di Malaysia hanya dengan sedikit pengubahsuaian.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Teknologi-teknologi ini mempunyai peratus kecekapan yang baik. Apa yang lebih penting, ia adalah sumber tenaga percuma. Sistem PVT ini juga boleh digunakan di bangunan termasuk di Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Kuala Lumpur (KLIA). Kajian mendapati ia boleh menjimatkan kira-kira 25 peratus elektrik dari segi penggunaan lampu.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sambutan terhadap penggunaan sumber tenaga alternatif di negara kita masih dingin walaupun kita sudah membangunkan banyak teknologi tempatan. Apa sebabnya?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Kita perlu mewujudkan kesungguhan dari segi politik yang menggalakkan masyarakat menggunakan sumber tenaga alternatif. Ini perlu disertakan dengan mekanisme untuk membeli alat yang diperlukan bagi tujuan tersebut. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Kajian mendapati 25 peratus perbelanjaan pengusaha hotel adalah untuk penggunaan air panas. Jumlah ini mampu dikurangkan dengan penggunaan tenaga solar jika pihak terbabit mengambil serius mengenainya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Selain itu, program mendidik masyarakat untuk menukar minda mereka kepada penggunaan sumber tenaga alternatif yang mesra alam perlu diperkukuhkan. Di negara-negara maju seminar dan bengkel adalah aktiviti harian dan segala hasil atau resolusinya diterima pakai untuk kesejahteraan manusia.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ini bertepatan dengan suruhan Allah agar manusia ini mendapatkan nasihat daripada golongan yang berilmu sebagaimana firman-Nya: Adakah sama orang yang berilmu pengetahuan dengan orang yang tidak berilmu? (Tentu tidak). Hanya yang menerima peringatan ialah orang yang berakal. (Az-Zumar: 9)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Ada yang beranggapan sains tidak harus dikaitkan dengan agama. Apa pandangan Prof.?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Pandangan sedemikian tidak tepat. Sains adalah kemampuan untuk mencerap tabie alam atau ilmu yang membolehkan seseorang memahami tabii alam secara objektif, sistematik dan rasional dengan kaedah tertentu yang diperantikan untuk mewujudkan penumpuan pengetahuan yang boleh dipercayai.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Sejarah turut membuktikan bahawa saintis terkenal zaman lampau adalah terdiri daripada orang Islam seperti Al-Khawarizmi, Ibnu Sina dan juga Ibnu Rushd. Sains tanpa agama dikhuatiri mendorong kepada terbina manusia yang hilang peradaban dan akhlak. Ini kerana sains semata, tidak pernah tanya tenang nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Dalam Islam, sains adalah sebahagian daripada cabang ilmu fardu kifayah yang perlu dipelajari.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(by Istiqomah Muhammad Chaerun &amp;amp; Nurul Hidayah Sulong)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-3674458596430232776?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/3674458596430232776/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=3674458596430232776' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/3674458596430232776'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/3674458596430232776'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/07/malaysia-perlu-bangunkan-tenaga-suria.html' title='Malaysia perlu bangunkan tenaga suria'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-7625986028355064786</id><published>2007-08-01T01:21:00.001+08:00</published><updated>2007-08-01T01:35:48.704+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Power-hungry industries to fuel Sarawak’s economy</title><content type='html'>MUKAH, TUES:&lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class="abstract"&gt; BY 2&lt;a href="http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Tuesday/NewsBreak/20070731123719/Article/index_html#" target="_new" onmouseover="m4ShowLayer('m4adword', this, 4); return false;" onmouseout="m4MouseoutLayer('m4adword'); return false;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-bottom: 0px solid red; color: red; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;20, Sarawak’s economy will be fuelled by power-hungry industries ranging from alumimium smelting to bio-diesel production, says Chief Minister Tan Sri Abdul Taib Mahmud. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;!--start pix2 &amp; pix3--&gt; &lt;table align="right" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" width="200"&gt;       &lt;/table&gt; &lt;!--end pix2 &amp; pix3--&gt; He said Sarawak is in a position to meet the demands with its rich energy sources based from hydroelectric power to coal, especially in its mid-region stretching from Similajau in Bintulu Division to Tanjung Manis in the Mukah Division.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Speaking when declaring open the RM&lt;a href="http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Tuesday/NewsBreak/20070731123719/Article/index_html#" target="_new" onmouseover="m4ShowLayer('m4adword', this, 1); return false;" onmouseout="m4MouseoutLayer('m4adword'); return false;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-bottom: 0px solid red; color: red; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;5.43 million Medan Ria Setia commercial and hawkers centre at the Setia Raja Boulevard here last night, Taib said towards this end the government had &lt;a href="http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Tuesday/NewsBreak/20070731123719/Article/index_html#" target="_new" onmouseover="m4ShowLayer('m4adword', this, 8); return false;" onmouseout="m4MouseoutLayer('m4adword'); return false;"&gt;&lt;span style="border-bottom: 0px solid red; color: red; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;plan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;ned for the state to be able to produce 2,000 megawatts of energy by 2013.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  “This is our first plan. Then two years later, we hope to increase this to 5,000 megawatts,” he said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Taib said Mukah would play a pivotal role as it has more than 500 million tonnes of coal reserves.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;!-- start video--&gt; &lt;!-- end video--&gt;   &lt;/center&gt; Speaking of its potential, he said it would take the state 100 years to use just five million tonnes to produce 1,000 megawatts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Calling on the people to prepare themselves for the big time ahead, Taib said the state’s mid-region, which he named as the Regional Corridor For Development or Recorda, would attract investments not less than RM15,000 million.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“An investment of this magnitude will require a lot of trained manpower, especially technical and in finance. So in the 10 years from now, we have got to plan very carefully. We will have to rely much more on new ideas,” he said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the Medan Ria Setia Raja project, Taib said it was jointly developed by the state’s Land Custody and Development Authority and Messrs Yoshikawa Corporation and Development Sdn Bhd to provide more exposure for entrepreneurs and to increase the number of Bumiputeras in business.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  He advised them to be committed in giving their best in order to be more successful and expand.&lt;br /&gt;(by Istiqomah Muhammad Chaerun &amp;amp; Nurul Hidayah Sulong)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-7625986028355064786?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/7625986028355064786/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=7625986028355064786' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/7625986028355064786'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/7625986028355064786'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/07/power-hungry-industries-to-fuel.html' title='Power-hungry industries to fuel Sarawak’s economy'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5055708479680982319</id><published>2007-07-31T18:12:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-07-31T18:16:17.021+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Fuel Cell Sebagai Penghasil Energi Abad 21</title><content type='html'>Kemajuan teknologi yang sangat cepat, menuntut penyediaan energi yang makin banyak, untuk industri maupun kebutuhan energi penggerak kendaraan, mengingat makin mendesaknya tuntutan tersebut, maka selalu dicari cara-cara untuk memanfaatkan energi yang sudah tersedia sebaik mungkin, sehingga energi yang terbuang dapat makin berkurang, hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan penggunaan energi tersebut se-efisien mungkin.Keterbatasan cadangan minyak bumi merupakan salah satu pertimbangan untuk mencari energi atau alat yang baru yang dapat mengolah minyak se maksimal mungkin. Kendala yang ditimbulkan oleh energi minyak, yaitu mengakibatkan proses ekologi yang tidak menguntungkan menyebabkan perlu dikembangkannya pemanfaatan energi yang lain.Fuel cell merupakan salah satu jalan keluar dari berbagai-bagai kendala yang sudah ada, yaitu pengolahan energi dengan cara listrik-kimiawi, dengan menggunakan hidrogen sebagai bahan bakar dan oksigen pembakarnya. Percobaan dan penelitian yang telah dilakukan sejak pertengahan abad 20, telah memberikan cukup banyak masukan yang positif, sehingga dapat dinyatakan bahwa fuel cell akan memberikan harapan untuk abad yang baru ini.  (sharifah norazira)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5055708479680982319?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5055708479680982319/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5055708479680982319' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5055708479680982319'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5055708479680982319'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/07/fuel-cell-sebagai-penghasil-energi-abad.html' title='Fuel Cell Sebagai Penghasil Energi Abad 21'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-2697856070456841572</id><published>2007-07-30T11:16:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-07-30T11:19:31.446+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Program bangunkan tenaga suria dilancar</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="font-family: arial;"&gt;PUTRAJAYA 22 Jun – Kerajaan hari ini melancarkan program Suria 1,000 Kebangsaan sebagai satu inisiatif untuk merancakkan pembangunan sumber tenaga daripada cahaya matahari di bawah Projek Bangunan Bersepadu Photovoltaic Malaysia (MBIPV).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: arial;"&gt;Melalui program itu, kerajaan mengimpikan premis kediaman dan bangunan komersial di negara ini dilengkapi sistem bangunan bersepadu photovoltaic (BIPV) bagi menghasilkan tenaga elektrik daripada cahaya suria.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: arial;"&gt;Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi berkata, adalah menjadi visi beliau untuk melihat rumah-rumah dan pejabat-pejabat dilengkapi dengan sistem bumbung BIPV bagi menjana sumber tenaga elektrik diperbaharui.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: arial;"&gt;‘‘Saya gelarkannya sebagai Wawasan Suria. Saya mahu melihat Malaysia menjadi hab penggunaan tenaga solar dan saya yakin usahawan-usahawan tempatan boleh menyumbang kepada usaha meningkatkan teknologi tenaga suria di negara ini. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: arial;"&gt;‘‘Adalah satu tanggungjawab kerajaan mencari cara baru yang lebih efektif bagi mengurangkan kebergantungan kita pada gas asli dan juga subsidi tenaga bahan bakar,” katanya dalam ucapan pelancaran program berkenaan, di sini hari ini.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: arial;"&gt;Teks ucapan beliau dibacakan oleh Menteri di Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Mohd. Effendi Norwawi.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: arial;"&gt;Suria 1,000 Kebangsaan merupakan program di bawah Rancangan Malaysia Kesembilan (RMK-9) yang dilaksanakan oleh Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM) dan disokong oleh Program Pembangunan Pertubuhan Bangsa Bersatu (UNDP) dan Global Environment Facility (GEF).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: arial;"&gt;Perdana Menteri berkata, pelaksanaan program Suria 1,000 adalah selaras dengan kedudukan Malaysia sebagai sebuah negara yang menandatangani Protokol Kyoto untuk menangani masalah pemanasan global. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: arial;"&gt;Katanya, bagi mencapai matlamat Wawasan Suria, sebanyak 14 pemilik rumah daripada 39 permohonan, dipilih menerima rebat khas bernilai hampir RM900,000 bagi memasang sistem BIPV.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: arial;"&gt;Beliau berkata, kerajaan menyediakan rebat sejumlah RM11 juta bagi rakyat negara ini untuk memasang sistem BIPV di rumah mereka. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: arial;"&gt;‘‘Secara kolektif, kesemua 14 rumah itu akan mampu mendapatkan sejumlah 58 kilowatt (KW) tenaga solar yang boleh menjana sekitar 1.67 gigawatt per jam (GWh) tenaga elektrik diperbaharui bagi tempoh 25 tahun akan datang, sekali gus mampu mengurangkan 1,000 tan pelepasan gas karbon dioksida.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: arial;"&gt;‘‘Tenaga elektrik solar itu kemudian akan dijual kepada syarikat utiliti di bawah skim ‘net-metering’,” katanya. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: arial;"&gt;Abdullah berkata, pemaju yang membangunkan kawasan perumahan yang dilengkapi oleh sistem BIPV pula bakal mendapat insentif di bawah MBIPV.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial;"&gt;Katanya, satu atau dua pemaju bakal dipilih bagi menerima rebat khas bernilai lebih RM3 juta bagi membina 70 unit rumah BIPV.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-2697856070456841572?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/2697856070456841572/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=2697856070456841572' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/2697856070456841572'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/2697856070456841572'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/07/program-bangunkan-tenaga-suria-dilancar.html' title='Program bangunkan tenaga suria dilancar'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-5434984397204635891</id><published>2007-07-30T10:39:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-07-30T11:00:45.123+08:00</updated><title type='text'>Sampah jadi sumber tenaga baru</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.utusan.com.my/pix/2007/0626/utusan_malaysia/rencana/re_01_big.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://www.utusan.com.my/pix/2007/0626/utusan_malaysia/rencana/re_01_big.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SETIAP orang pada setiap hari, membuang sebarang jenis sampah di antara 0.8 hingga 1.2 kilogram. Itu adalah profil pembuangan sampah di negara ini yang direkodkan oleh ENSEARCH iaitu sebuah badan bukan kerajaan (NGO) alam sekitar Malaysia yang berusaha untuk menerapkan sikap cintakan alam sekitar di segenap lapisan masyarakat Malaysia.&lt;br /&gt;Kalau trend itu diambil kira, secara matematiknya pula, bayangkan bagi setiap rumah minimum kapasiti hanya tiga orang dan didarab pula dengan kira-kira 27 juta penduduk di negara ini.&lt;br /&gt;Tidakkah angka ‘sampah’ itu menakutkan kita?&lt;br /&gt;Dikatakan juga, jumlah sampah yang dibuang di kawasan bandar dan pinggir bandar di seluruh negara setiap tahun boleh memenuhi ruang dalam bangunan Menara Berkembar Petronas setinggi 452 meter itu dalam masa tidak sampai seminggu.&lt;br /&gt;Adalah tidak mustahil jika kita diliputi sampah atau hidup di celah-celah sampah satu hari nanti jika tiada langkah pencegahan dan kesedaran mengenai cara pelupusan sisa yang teratur lagi berkesan?&lt;br /&gt;Daripada kajian yang dibuat, sebanyak 19,000 tan metrik sampah dibuang pada tahun 2005. Ia tidak mustahil meningkat pada tahun lepas memandangkan trend kitar semula semakin sepi dan tidak diamalkan oleh sebahagian besar daripada masyarakat kita.&lt;br /&gt;Daripada jumlah 19,000 tan metrik itu, 45 peratus daripadanya ialah sisa makanan, 24 peratus adalah plastik, kertas (7 peratus), besi (6 peratus) dan kaca (3 peratus).&lt;br /&gt;Apa maknanya peratusan itu semua? Itulah yang membawa pula kepada tabiat kitaran semula. Kalau kita mengamalkan kitar semula, kita boleh menjimatkan kira-kira 55 peratus sampah itu – selain sisa makanan.&lt;br /&gt;Sikap tidak ingin kitar semula inilah antara sebab utama mengapa kita dilanda masalah pembuangan sampah dan pencemaran. Dan mahu diterima atau tidak, sikap inilah yang hendak kita kikis dari hati rakyat Malaysia.&lt;br /&gt;Secara mudahnya, semakin banyak sampah dibuang, semakin banyak ruang yang diperlukan. Ini adalah akibat dari pembuangan sampah yang berlebihan oleh kita sendiri, dari rumah kita juga.&lt;br /&gt;Bayangkan 0.8 hingga 1.2 kilogram itu, yang paling banyak ialah lebihan nasi, lauk-pauk dan sayur-sayuran.&lt;br /&gt;Kita barangkali tidak mungkin dapat menghalang pembuangan sampah, tetapi kita boleh mengurangkan jumlahnya. Itu hakikat.&lt;br /&gt;Caranya tidak lain tidak bukan, dengan kitar semula. Kita akui juga bahawa kempen kitar semula boleh sahaja dianggap gagal kerana ia tidak berjaya dilakukan secara meluas. Benar, ada yang mengamalkan kitar semula, tetapi tidak cukup untuk membantu mengurangkan jumlah sisa sampah. Kalau ada yang mendakwa kempen kitar semula sebelum ini gagal, pernahkah yang mendakwa itu duduk berfikir sejenak tanpa mempersalahkan sesiapa apa yang mengagalkannya?&lt;br /&gt;Dalam hal ini, ada yang menyatakan tiada tindakan susulan selepas setiap kempen yang digerakkan menyumbang kepada kecundangnya kempen, tanpa mengecualikan kempen kitar semula.&lt;br /&gt;Masing-masing mengharapkan ada orang lain yang memikul tugas menyedarkan masyarakat tentang perlunya sampah dikitar semula. Itulah masalahnya.&lt;br /&gt;Yang jelas, ini mengakibatkan orang ramai tidak dapat menghargai kepentingan dan faedah mengitar semula. Masyarakat tidak boleh dipersalahkan kalau mereka tidak mahu bekerjasama menjayakan kempen kitar semula. Kalau tidak ada kemahuan, tidak akan ada jalan. Begitulah.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Meminta orang menukar gaya hidup yang sudah sebati dalam diri mereka turun-temurun, apa yang boleh diharapkan setakat menjual air liur mengajak orang mengitar semula,’’ kata seorang rakan, seorang pengamal kitar semula yang jelas amat kesal dengan kegagalan kempen kitar semula.&lt;br /&gt;Menukar&lt;br /&gt;Seperti yang diketahui, Kempen Kitar Semula pertama kali dilaksanakan pada tahun 1993, ia digerakkan semula pada tahun 2000 dengan menukar sedikit pendekatan iaitu memberi sentuhan ‘warna’ untuk setiap benda yang harus dikitar – jingga untuk aluminium dan plastik, coklat untuk kaca dan botol, biru untuk kertas.&lt;br /&gt;Entah di mana silap, ia juga tidak ke mana, selepas acara potong reben dan gelak ketawa dalam majlis meriah, orang masih lagi tidak kitar semula. Dalam hal ini, berbuih mulut NGO alam sekitar mempromosikan kebaikannya dan tidak sedikit laporan mengenai kitar semula disiarkan dalam media cetak dan elektronik. Sedihnya, masyarakat kita belum biasa dengan kitar semula, yang biasa ialah membuang sampah di dalam sungai.&lt;br /&gt;Memandangkan pentingnya kitar semula dan dapat dilihat rendahnya tahap kesedaran tentang amalan yang satu itu, ENSEARCH tampil mengadakan satu persidangan dan pameran mengenai pengurusan sisa yang membawa tema sisa sebagai sumber.&lt;br /&gt;Persidangan dan Pameran Sisa ENSEARCH 2007 akan menjadi medan pembentangan kertas-kertas kerja yang menumpukan kepada kitar semula, teknologi serta amalan-amalan berkesan dalam pengurusan sisa dan pembangunan kapasiti.&lt;br /&gt;Suka diingatkan bahawa ia adalah persidangan tahunan kali ketujuh dianjurkan oleh ENSEARCH.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Ia yang akan berlangsung pada 7 hingga 8 Ogos ini adalah platform yang tepat bagi membincangkan senario tentang sisa dan sampah ini.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Sebanyak 22 lot pameran juga cuba membuat sorotan dengan tidak lari daripada hal-hal kitar semula dan kesedaran tentang kepentingannya,’’ kata pegawai projeknya, Suganya Sudanathan dalam satu pertemuan dengan Utusan Malaysia di pejabat ENSEARCH di Kota Damansara baru-baru ini.&lt;br /&gt;Dalam pertemuan itu, beliau tidak boleh lari daripada bercakap dan berbual mengenai kitar semula serta apa yang dipanggil 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle).&lt;br /&gt;Kitar semula bermakna menggunakan semula barangan tersebut atau memproses barangan tersebut untuk dijadikan bahan seperti yang asal atau sebaliknya, dengan erti lain tidak membuangnya begitu sahaja.&lt;br /&gt;Proses ini boleh mengurangkan sampah kita sebanyak dua juta tan metrik.&lt;br /&gt;Sampah kita terdiri dari pelbagai bahan antaranya sisa buangan dari kawasan kediaman, komersial, perindustrian dan pertanian.&lt;br /&gt;Kebanyakan daripada sisa pembuangan ini akan berakhir di kawasan pelupusan sampah, yang kemudian dilupuskan dengan dua cara utama iaitu pembakaran atau penimbunan. Pembakaran, jika dilakukan secara terbuka dan tidak terkawal boleh menyebabkan pencemaran udara.&lt;br /&gt;Sementara penimbunan pula perlu dilakukan secara terkawal untuk mengelakkan masalah seperti haiwan perosak, penyakit, pencemaran bekalan air dan pencemaran bau.&lt;br /&gt;Secara individu kita boleh membantu dalam mengatasi masalah peningkatan pembuangan sampah. Kita perlu membuka minda untuk menerima pengetahuan ini dan menjadikan ia satu amalan hidup yang sihat untuk diri, keluarga dan alam sekitar.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Kita boleh mengurangkan pembuangan sampah dengan memahami konsep 3R,’’ kata Suganya lagi.&lt;br /&gt;Pengurangan atau reduce bermakna boleh mengelakkan barangan yang mempunyai banyak pembalut. Alternatifnya, boleh membeli barangan di mana bekasnya boleh diguna semula. Di sini pentingnya kita mengurangkan penggunaan beg plastik. Begitu juga dengan kertas tisu, sebaliknya boleh menggunakan tuala yang boleh dibasuh dan dipakai balik, berbanding tisu, dibuang menjadi sampah.&lt;br /&gt;Paling mudah penggunaan semula atau reuse ialah kita lakukan di rumah dengan cuba mengelak daripada membuang beg plastik sebaliknya guna semula untuk mengisi barangan lain manakala proses kitar semula penting untuk mengurangkan tekanan terhadap bahan mentah semula jadi seperti penebangan pokok untuk menghasilkan kertas.&lt;br /&gt;Selain itu, ia dapat mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga, air serta pencemaran air dan udara.&lt;br /&gt;Sebagai contoh, kaca yang dikitar semula berulang kali boleh mengurangkan 50 peratus penggunaan air manakala kitar semula kertas dapat menjimatkan 70 peratus tenaga.&lt;br /&gt;Kitar semula aluminium, kertas dan kaca, masing-masing dapat mengurangkan pencemaran sebanyak 95 peratus, 50 peratus dan 14 peratus.&lt;br /&gt;Perkara-perkara tersebut akan dibincangkan pada persidangan satu setengah hari itu nanti.&lt;br /&gt;Dalam pada itu, Suganya melihat, program pendidikan adalah kunci kejayaan kempen kitar semula.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Kita tidak boleh harap sediakan tong berwarna-warni untuk asingkan sampah dan harap orang akan guna. Kita perlu usaha lebih daripada itu,’’ katanya.&lt;br /&gt;Beliau turut mengingatkan supaya penguatkuasaan terhadap kegiatan membuang sampah di tempat terbuka dan kawasan larangan diberi perhatian yang lebih serius. Sambil menyebut Singapura sebagai contoh, katanya, penguatkuasaan yang tegas berjaya menanam tabiat yang baik.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘You pollute, you pay,’’ katanya sebelum menambah barangkali itulah yang boleh membantu memberi kesedaran kepada rakyat Malaysia tentang tabiat tidak baik membuang sampah ini.&lt;br /&gt;Ditanya perlu atau tidak mata pelajaran alam sekitar itu diajar di sekolah beliau berkata: ‘‘Berdasarkan pengalaman, kempen pendidikan tidak harus ditumpukan kepada kanak-kanak sahaja.&lt;br /&gt;‘‘Memang betul mereka mudah dibentuk tetapi apa maknanya kalau mereka melihat amalan yang tidak baik daripada keluarga sendiri. Ia mesti dua-dua, kanak-kanak dan orang dewasa.’’&lt;br /&gt;Jelas beliau, mengubah sikap manusia adalah kerja yang paling sukar. ‘‘Tetapi kalau sekali mereka mula (kitar semula), ia menjadi satu tabiat. Kalau mereka berhenti, mereka akan rasa bersalah.”&lt;br /&gt;Mahu tidak mahu, kempen ini harus digerakkan sekarang kerana keadaan yang sudah semakin mendesak.&lt;br /&gt;Kejayaan kempen ini banyak bergantung kepada kerjasama semua pihak – kerajaan, swasta dan anggota masyarakat.&lt;br /&gt;Laman web untuk persidangan dan ENSEARCH boleh dilayari di alamat www.ensearch.org.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-5434984397204635891?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/5434984397204635891/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=5434984397204635891' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5434984397204635891'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/5434984397204635891'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/07/sampah-jadi-sumber-tenaga-baru.html' title='Sampah jadi sumber tenaga baru'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3301248187166060808.post-8040408873819607285</id><published>2007-07-18T22:42:00.000+08:00</published><updated>2007-07-29T20:47:03.652+08:00</updated><title type='text'>This is Group 10's Blog</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 0);font-family:arial;font-size:180%;"  &gt;Group 10 will be responsible for issues related to energy and environment.  We are still in the process of constructing our blog.  Please be patient!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3301248187166060808-8040408873819607285?l=group10pollution.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/feeds/8040408873819607285/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=3301248187166060808&amp;postID=8040408873819607285' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8040408873819607285'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3301248187166060808/posts/default/8040408873819607285'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://group10pollution.blogspot.com/2007/07/this-is-group-10-blog.html' title='This is Group 10&apos;s Blog'/><author><name>Group 10 (KeBaBoO...)</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10660505319912975338</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
